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ASTM E1832-08(2012)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer

Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the essential components of the DCP spectrometer. This description allows the user or potential user to gain a basic understanding of this system. It also provides a means of comparing and evaluating this system with similar systems, as well as understanding the capabilities and limitations of each instrument.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the components of a direct current plasma (DCP) atomic emission spectrometer. This practice does not attempt to specify component tolerances or performance criteria. This practice does, however, attempt to identify critical factors affecting bias, precision, and sensitivity. A prospective user should consult with the vendor before placing an order to design a testing protocol for demonstrating that the instrument meets all anticipated needs.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are give in Section 9.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2012
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E01 - Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
Drafting Committee
E01.20 - Fundamental Practices
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1832-08 - Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Replaced By
ASTM E1832-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer
Effective Date
01-May-2017
Referred By
ASTM E2371-21a - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Direct Current Plasma and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Test Methodology)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM F1160-14(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Shear and Bending Fatigue Testing of Calcium Phosphate and Metallic Medical and Composite Calcium Phosphate/Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012

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ASTM E1832-08(2012) - Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission SpectrometerASTM E1832-08(2012) - Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer
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ASTM E1832-08(2012) - Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1832 − 08 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Practice for
Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic
1
Emission Spectrometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E520 Practice for Describing Photomultiplier Detectors in
Emission and Absorption Spectrometry
1.1 This practice describes the components of a direct
E528 Practice for Grounding Basic Optical Emission Spec-
current plasma (DCP) atomic emission spectrometer. This
3
trochemical Equipment (Withdrawn 1998)
practice does not attempt to specify component tolerances or
E1097 Guide for Determination of Various Elements by
performance criteria. This practice does, however, attempt to
Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
identifycriticalfactorsaffectingbias,precision,andsensitivity.
A prospective user should consult with the vendor before
3. Terminology
placing an order to design a testing protocol for demonstrating
3.1 For terminology relating to emission spectrometry, refer
that the instrument meets all anticipated needs.
to Terminology E135.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.1 This practice describes the essential components of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards DCPspectrometer.This description allows the user or potential
statements are give in Section 9. user to gain a basic understanding of this system. It also
providesameansofcomparingandevaluatingthissystemwith
2. Referenced Documents similar systems, as well as understanding the capabilities and
2 limitations of each instrument.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
5. Overview
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
5.1 A DCP spectrometer is an instrument for determining
E158 Practice for Fundamental Calculations to Convert
Intensities into Concentrations in Optical Emission Spec- concentration of elements in solution. It typically is comprised
3
of several assemblies including a direct current (dc) electrical
trochemical Analysis (Withdrawn 2004)
E172 Practice for Describing and Specifying the Excitation source, a sample introduction system, components to form and
contain the plasma, an entrance slit, elements to disperse
SourceinEmissionSpectrochemicalAnalysis(Withdrawn
3
2001) radiation emitted from the plasma, one or more exit slits, one
or more photomultipliers for converting the emitted radiation
E406 Practice for Using Controlled Atmospheres in Spec-
trochemical Analysis into electrical current, one or more electrical capacitors for
storing this current as electrical charge, electrical circuitry for
E416 Practice for Planning and Safe Operation of a Spec-
3
trochemical Laboratory (Withdrawn 2005) measuring the voltage on each storage device, and a dedicated
computer with printer. The liquid sample is introduced into a
spray chamber at a right angle to a stream of argon gas. The
sampleisbrokenupintoafineaerosolbythisargonstreamand
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical
carriedintotheplasmaproducedbyadc-arcdischargebetween
Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.
a tungsten electrode and two or more graphite electrodes.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally
When the sample passes through the plasma, it is vaporized
approvedin1996.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2003asE1832 – 03,whichwas
and atomized, and many elements are ionized. Free atoms and
withdrawn October 2004 and reinstated in May 2008. DOI: 10.1520/E1832-08R12.
2
ions are excited from their ground states. When electrons of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
excited atoms and ions fall to a lower-energy state, photons of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
specific wavelengths unique to each emitting species are
the ASTM website.
3
emitted.Thisradiation,focussedbyalensontotheentranceslit
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. of the spectrometer and directed to an echelle grating and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
...

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ABSTRACT
This practice describes the photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use of in emission and absorption spectrometry. The properties covered here include structural features, electrical properties, and characteristics involved in precautions and problems. The structural features covered are envelope configurations, window materials, electrical connections, and housing for the external structure, and the photocathode, dynodes and anode, and rigidness of structural components for the internal structure. Electrical properties, on the other hand, incorporate the following: optical-electronic characteristics of the photocathode including spectral response; current amplification including gain per stage, overall gain, gain control (voltage-divider bridge), linearity of response, and anode saturation; signal nature; dark current including cathode size, internal aperture, and refrigeration effects; noise nature including additivity of noise power, signal-to-noise ratio, equivalent noise input; and photomultiplier properties as a component in an electrical circuit including output impedance, response time, and signal gating and integration possibilities. Finally, the characteristics involved in precautions and problems cover fatigue and hysteresis effects, illumination of photocathode, and gas leakage.
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1.1 This practice covers photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use in emission and absorption spectrometry. Descriptions of these properties can be found in the following sections:    
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External Structure  
4.2  
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General  
5.1  
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Precautions and Problems  
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General  
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FIG. 1 Left—An Electron Micrograph of an Air-Dried Liposomal Preparation that has been Negatively Stained with 2 % Uranyl Acetate for Contrast; Right—An Electron Micrograph of the Same Liposomal Preparation Prepared as a Frozen Vitrified Specimen for Cryo-TEM
Note 1: Both images are shown to the same scale; scale bar is 200 nm.  
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ASTM D3321-19(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions.  
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SCOPE
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ASTM E520-08(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing Photomultiplier Detectors in Emission and Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use of in emission and absorption spectrometry. The properties covered here include structural features, electrical properties, and characteristics involved in precautions and problems. The structural features covered are envelope configurations, window materials, electrical connections, and housing for the external structure, and the photocathode, dynodes and anode, and rigidness of structural components for the internal structure. Electrical properties, on the other hand, incorporate the following: optical-electronic characteristics of the photocathode including spectral response; current amplification including gain per stage, overall gain, gain control (voltage-divider bridge), linearity of response, and anode saturation; signal nature; dark current including cathode size, internal aperture, and refrigeration effects; noise nature including additivity of noise power, signal-to-noise ratio, equivalent noise input; and photomultiplier properties as a component in an electrical circuit including output impedance, response time, and signal gating and integration possibilities. Finally, the characteristics involved in precautions and problems cover fatigue and hysteresis effects, illumination of photocathode, and gas leakage.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use in emission and absorption spectrometry. Descriptions of these properties can be found in the following sections:    
Section  
Structural Features  
4  
General  
4.1  
External Structure  
4.2  
Internal Structure  
4.3  
Electrical Properties  
5  
General  
5.1  
Optical-Electronic Characteristics of the Photocathode  
5.2  
Current Amplification  
5.3  
Signal Nature  
5.4  
Dark Current  
5.5  
Noise Nature  
5.6  
Photomultiplier as a Component in an Electrical Circuit  
5.7  
Precautions and Problems  
6  
General  
6.1  
Fatigue and Hysteresis Effects  
6.2  
Illumination of Photocathode  
6.3  
Gas Leakage  
6.4  
Recommendations on Important Selection Criteria  
7  
1.2 Radiation in the frequency range common to analytical emission and absorption spectrometry is detected by photomultipliers presently to the exclusion of most other transducers. Detection limits, analytical sensitivity, and accuracy depend on the characteristics of these current-amplifying detectors as well as other factors in the system.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Spectrometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Generally, Raman spectra measured using grating-based dispersive or Fourier transform Raman spectrometers have not been corrected for the instrumental response (spectral responsivity of the detection system). Raman spectra obtained with different instruments may show significant variations in the measured relative peak intensities of a sample compound. This is mainly as a result of differences in their wavelength-dependent optical transmission and detector efficiencies. These variations can be particularly large when widely different laser excitation wavelengths are used, but can occur when the same laser excitation is used and spectra of the same compound are compared between instruments. This is illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows the uncorrected luminescence spectrum of SRM 2241, acquired upon four different commercially available Raman spectrometers operating with 785 nm laser excitation. Instrumental response variations can also occur on the same instrument after a component change or service work has been performed. Each spectrometer, due to its unique combination of filters, grating, collection optics and detector response, has a very unique spectral response. The spectrometer dependent spectral response will of course also affect the shape of Raman spectra acquired upon these systems. The shape of this response is not to be construed as either “good or bad” but is the result of design considerations by the spectrometer manufacturer. For instance, as shown in Fig. 1, spectral coverage can vary considerably between spectrometer systems. This is typically a deliberate tradeoff in spectrometer design, where spectral coverage is sacrificed for enhanced spectral resolution.
FIG. 1 SRM 2241 Measured on Four Commercial Raman Spectrometers Utilizing 785 nm Excitation  
4.2 Variations in spectral peak intensities can be mostly corrected through calibration of the Raman intensity (y) axis. The conventional method of calibration of the spectral response of a Raman...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed to enable the user to correct a Raman spectrometer for its relative spectral-intensity response function using NIST Standard Reference Materials2 in the 224X series (currently SRMs 2241, 2242, 2243, 2244, 2245, 2246), or a calibrated irradiance source. This relative intensity correction procedure will enable the intercomparison of Raman spectra acquired from differing instruments, excitation wavelengths, and laboratories.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Because of the significant dangers associated with the use of lasers, ANSI Z136.1 or suitable regional standards should be followed in conjunction with this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. The method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. Atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm are used in the method. The difference between the apparent wavelength and the known wavelength for a series of atomic emission lines is used as a test for wavelength accuracy. The apparent width of some of these lines is used as a test for spectral bandwidth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. This test method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. This test method uses atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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