ASTM D5494-93(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unprotected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
5.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to establish an index value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.
This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes protected with non-woven geotextiles; however, caution is advised since information about between laboratory precision is incomplete.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes and, or both, geomembranes protected by non-woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-woven geotextiles with geomembranes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D5494 – 93 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for the
Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of
Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotechnical engineering, essen-
tially impermeable means that no measurable liquid flows
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to
through a geosynthetic when tested in accordance with Test
determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes
Method D4491.
and, or both, geomembranes protected by non-woven geotex-
3.1.3 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
tiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
solely of textiles.
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Current manufacturing techniques pro-
puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-woven
duce non-woven fabrics, knitted (non-tubular) fabrics, and
geotextiles with geomembranes.
woven fabrics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4 For other terms, see Terminology D4439.
standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided
for information only.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension between
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
compressionpressortensiletestingmachine.Aforceisexerted
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
against the center of the unsupported or supported portion of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the test specimen by a solid steel pyramid attached to a load
2. Referenced Documents indicator until rupture of the specimen occurs. The maximum
load and elongation recorded is the value of the puncture
2.1 ASTM Standards:
resistance of the specimen.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
5. Significance and Use
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index
D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unpro-
by Permittivity
tected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-
3. Terminology woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
5.1.1 Thepurposeofthistestmethodistoestablishanindex
3.1 Definitions:
value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
a basis for uniform reporting.
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geo-
protected with non-woven geotextiles; however, caution is
synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
advised since information about between laboratory precision
is incomplete.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on 6. Apparatus
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
6.1 Test Set Up—A compression press with a reading force
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originally
e1
accuracy of at least 2 N (0.5 lb) is necessary. The press must
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5494–93(1999) .
DOI: 10.1520/D5494-93R06.
maintain a constant test speed and should be provided with an
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
automaticchartrecorderfortheforcevs.deformationbehavior.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
A clamping device for the test sample, a special piston and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. electrical signal equipment for determining the puncture load
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D5494 – 93 (2006)
are the additional pieces of test equipment needed. Also, a shallberoundedoffwitharadiusof0.1mm 60.01mm(0.004
tensile testing machine conforming to the requirements of in. 6 0.0004 in.). The transitional edge from the base of the
Specification D76 can be utilized in a compression mode for pyramidtothecylindershallhavearadius(R)of3.0mm 60.1
this test method. The equipment set up shall provide a constant mm (0.12 in.6 0.004 in.).
rate of speed, reading accuracy of at least 2 N (0.5 lb) and be 6.6 Electrical Equipment for the Determination of the Punc-
provided with an automatic chart recorder for load vs. defor- ture Load—An electrical circuit is to be employed between the
mation. Additional equipment required by this test method is loading piston and the underlying medium (water or aluminum
described below. plate) such that puncture resistance load at failure can be
6.2 Clamping Device—The upper and lower fixing ring determined. The electrical circuit, which is closed at the
clamp, dimensions of which are shown on Fig. 1a and 1b. The moment of puncture, can be connected to a signal lamp and the
lower fixing ring shall be provided with a circular recess with puncture resistance load can be recorded at failure.
a diameter corresponding to the external diameter of the
7. Sampling
compression base. This will facilitate mounting of the lower
fixing ring to the compression base as illustrated on Fig. 2. 7.1 Lot Sample—Divide the product into lots and take the
Concentrically arranged grooves shall be located on the lower lot sample as directed in Practice D4354.
face of the upper ring and upper face of the lower ring to 7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample take a
facilitate non-slip clamping of the test specimen(s). swatch extending the full width of the geosynthetic, of suffi-
6.3 Compression Base (Fig. 2)—CBR type test presses are cient length from each sample roll so that the requirements of
normally equipped with a CBR-cylinder compression base Sections 7.3 and 9 can be met. Take a sample that will exclude
having a diameter of 150 mm (6.0 in.) as shown on Fig. 2. material from the outer wrap and inner wrap around the core
Additionally, the compression base must be deep enough to unless the sample is taken at the production site, in which case
allow the loading piston to plunge at least 100 mm (4.0 in.). inner and outer wrap material may be used.
The compression base should be manufactured of rust resistant 7.3 Test for underlying water medium: The test specimen
high-grade steel. shall be cut out with a punch with a diameter greater than 80
6.
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