ASTM C372-94(2007)

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measurement of thermal expansion is useful for predicting stress within joined materials or single materials under conditions of changing or nonuniform temperature. It can also serve as an indicator of phase composition or changes in structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of premelted frit (porcelain enamel and glaze) and ceramic whiteware products by the thermal dilatometer method. This test method is applicable to apparatus meeting the reproducibility and accuracy requirements of this test method, which are to produce percent linear expansion accuracy of ±3 % or better and coefficient of linear expansion accuracy of ±5 % or better.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2007
• ICS: 25.220.50 - Enamels
• Technical Committee: C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
• Drafting Committee: C21.03 - Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C372-94(2001)e1 - Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Replaced By: ASTM C372-94(2012) - Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1259-21 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Referred By: ASTM C1470-20 - Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Referred By: ASTM C1198-20 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E1876-22 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
• Effective Date: 01-May-2007

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C372–94 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze
Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the
1
Dilatometer Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C372; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
0.01 P
1. Scope
a,mm/mm·°Corin./in.·°C 5
T 2 T
2 1
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
thermal expansion of premelted frit (porcelain enamel and
where:
glaze)andceramicwhitewareproductsbythethermaldilatom-
a = mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion from
eter method. This test method is applicable to apparatus
temperature T to T , and
1 2
meeting the reproducibility and accuracy requirements of this
P = percent linear thermal expansion as defined in 3.1.2.
test method, which are to produce percent linear expansion
3.1.2 percent linear thermal expansion—from temperature
accuracy of 63% or better and coefficient of linear expansion
T to temperature T (T < T ):
1 2 1 2
accuracy of 65% or better.
L 2 L
2 1
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the P 5 3100 1 A
L
0
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
DL
5 3100 1 A
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
L
0
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
where:
2. Referenced Documents
P = percent linear thermal expansion from temperature
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: T to T ,
1 2
L = sample length at T (T between 20 and 30°C),
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
0 0 0
L = sample length at T ,
Comparison Techniques
1 1
L = sample length at T , and
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid 2 2
A = instrument correction.
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
4. Significance and Use
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
4.1 Measurementofthermalexpansionisusefulforpredict-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ing stress within joined materials or single materials under
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
conditions of changing or nonuniform temperature. It can also
3. Terminology serve as an indicator of phase composition or changes in
structure.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion—from
5. Apparatus
temperature T to temperature T (T < T ):
1 2 1 2
5.1 Thermal Dilatometer:
5.1.1 General Description—A thermal dilatometer is an
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
apparatus that provides means for varying the temperature of a
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
test specimen in a controlled manner, measuring the specimen
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
length,andmeasuringthetemperatureofthespecimenforeach
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originally
´1
readingofspecimenlength.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesas
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C372–94(2001) .
DOI: 10.1520/C0372-94R07.
follows:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.1.1 Manual—Amanual dilatometer is one in which any
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
oralloftheabovearedonebymanualmeansandthecorrected
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. percent linear thermal expansion curve is plotted by hand.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C372–94 (2007)
5.1.1.2 Recording—Arecording dilatometer is an apparatus 6.2 For all samples, test specimens may be of any conve-
bywhichtheabovearerecordedbyinstrumentalmeansbutthe nient length, provided the uniformity of the furnace has been
final corrected percent linear thermal expansion curve is determined over that length. The minimum thickness of the
plotted by hand. specimen shall be 0.2 in. (5.1 mm) and the maximum cross-
2 2
sectional area shall be 0.45 in. (2.9 cm ). The ends of the
5.1.1.3 Automatic Recording—An automatic recording
specimen shall be ground flat and perpendicular to the axis of
dilatometer is a recording dilatometer with provision for
the specimen.
automatically plotting the corrected percent linear thermal
6.3 Test specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with
expansion curve.
the history of the specimen. Conditioning shall include drying,
5.1.2 Any
...