ASTM D2255-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
Standard Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance grading of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.
6.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general appearance of the yarns from which the fabric is manufactured. Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the values obtained from such tests are not easily integrated into an over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appearance grading affords additional information which the manufacturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience, correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made from the yarns.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun yarns for appearance.
1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D2255–02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Cotton yarn appearance standards were first adopted in 1938 and revised in 1964, with Series III
being revised again in 1975. The 1964 boards had different yarn sizes for the four-grade exhibits on
each board. The 1975 Series III board used the same yarn number for each grade.
The appearance grade of yarn is based on the composite evaluation of several factors, such as
unevenness,fuzziness,andneppiness.Thedifferencesintheyarnnumbersinthe1964standardsalong
with the differences in other factors distort the comparison between grades and makes grading more
difficult.
To overcome this shortcoming, in 1975 the Series III board was revised using the same size yarn
for all four grades.After evaluating the improvements, it was decided to revise all of the series using
a mid-range yarn number for each grade in the series, and narrow the range in the most active series.
This was accomplished by adding a new board, SeriesVI.Anear mid-range yarn number was selected
to represent equal steps between adjacent grades for all the factors considered in yarn appearance
grading.These yarns were produced with current commercial manufacturing equipment and practices.
Finally, to obtain better yarn definition and better reproducibility from set to set, it was decided to
use offset photo printing.
Shortly after these new boards were published in 1979, it became apparent that in the Series II-79
Board the A and B grades were not clearly defined and appeared to be switched. This was corrected
in the 1987 Series II Board.
In 1987 a world wide survey was conducted on how theYarnAppearance Boards were being used.
From responses it became apparent that the boards are being used for grading yarns other than 100 %
cotton combed or carded yarns. Respondents were using the boards to grade yarn blends, ring spun
yarns, open-end spun yarns and other spinning systems. The boards are used both for process quality
control and customer acceptance.
In view of the above findings, it was decided to revise the method to include grading of all single
spun yarns.
1. Scope each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system
must be used independently of the other.
1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
yarns for appearance.
concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in
tions prior to use.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally The requirements for the appearance of cotton yarns are covered in Tolerances
e1
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2255 – 02 . D 2645, Roller-Drafted Yarns.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2255–02 (2007)
NOTE 1—The permitted number of defects for any grade should always
2. Referenced Documents
be determined by comparison with the official “ASTM Spun Yarn
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Appearance Standards” photographs.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing 5. Summary of Test Method
D 2645 TolerancesforYarnsSpunontheCottonorWorsted
5.1 Yarn specimens, wound on black boards, are compared
Systems
with photographs of specimens representing the appearance
D 3888 Terminology Relating to Open-End Spinning
grades. The grade is based on fuzziness, neppiness, uneven-
D 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
ness, and visible foreign matter.
D 4849 Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
6. Significance and Use
Spun Yarn Appearance Standards (6 Boards with Photos)
6.1 This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance
grading of commercial shipments because it has been used
3. Terminology
extensively in the trade for this purpose.
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this method:
6.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
bunch, cover, fuzz, nep, slub, thick place, thin place, and yarn
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
appearance, refer to Terminology D 4849. For other textile
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123,
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
Terminology D 3888, and Terminology D 3990.
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
parative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
4. Description of Yarn Grades
thesamelotofmaterialasthesamplesthatresultedindisparate
results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal
4.1 Grade A Yarn—Grade A yarn may have no large neps
numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-
which are over three times the normal diameter of the yarn and
tories involved should be compared using a statistical test for
very few small ones. GradeAyarn must have good uniformity
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
from 25 mm to 25 mm (inch to inch), and good cover without
series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and
excessive fuzziness. No foreign matter may be present in
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
Grade A yarn.
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
4.2 Grade B Yarn—Grade B Yarn may have no large neps,
6.2 The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to
but may have a few small ones. Grade B yarn may have no
a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general
more than three small pieces of foreign matter per board or
appearanceoftheyarnsfromwhichthefabricismanufactured.
specimen providing they do not form slubs. Grade B yarn may
Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness
beslightlymoreirregularandmayhaveslightlymorefuzzthan
and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the
a Grade A yarn.
valuesobtainedfromsuchtestsarenoteasilyintegratedintoan
4.3 Grade C Yarn—Grade C yarn may have more neps, and
over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appear-
larger ones as well as more fuzziness and a greater amount of
ance grading affords additional information which the manu-
foreign matter than Grade B yarn. The contrast between the
facturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience,
thick and thin places and the normal diameter of the yarn may
correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made
be greater than in Grade B yarn resulting in an over-all rougher
from the yarns.
appearance.
4.4 GradeDYarn—Grade D yarn may have some slubs that
7. Apparatus
are more than three times the average diameter of the yarn.
7.1 Spun Yarn Appearance Standards —A series of photo-
Grade D yarn may have more neps, neps of a larger size, more
graphic standards representing Grades A, B, C, and D in six
thick and thin places, more fuzz and more foreign matter than
ranges of yarn numbers. Grade A is the highest and the others
Grade C yarn. When slubs or large neps are present, Grade D
are progressively lower. The range of yarn numbers to be
yarn may have fewer neps than Grade C yarn. Grade D yarn
graded by each series is listed in Table 1. The standards are
may have an over-all rougher appearance than Grade C yarn.
illustrated in Fig. 1. See also ADJD2255.
4.5 Yarn Below Grade D—Yarn below Grade D may have
more defects and an overall rougher appearance than Grade D
yarn.
TABLE 1 Requirements for Preparations of Specimens
B
Range of Yarn Numbers Wraps
A
Series Count
Single Cot-
Tex per in. per cm
ton Count
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1 1 to 12 590 to 50 + 8 20 8
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2 12+to24 50to25+ 18 22 9
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3 24+to36 25to16+ 30 26 10
the ASTM website.
4 36+to50 16to12+ 42 32 13
Available from the ASTM International Headquarters. Request adjunct No. as
5 50+to75 12to8+ 60 38 15
follows:
6 75 + to 135 8 to 4 + 100 48 19
ADJD225501 (Series 1-79) ADJD225504 (Series 4-79)
A
ADJD225502 (Series 2-79) ADJD225505 (Series 5-79)
Actual single yarn count used on boards.
B
ADJD225503 (Series 3-79) ADJD225506 (Series 6-79) The specified number of wraps is subject to a tolerance of 6 10 %.
D2255–02 (2007)
FIG. 1 ASTM Spun Yarn Appearance Standards
7.2 Yarn Grading Cabinet —A cabinet with storage space aboveandoneunitslightlybelowthestandards.Eachunitshall
for the appearance standards, a shelf or rack on whi
...
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