ASTM E2144-01

Standard Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in poly-disperse metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.
1.2 Users of this practice may obtain personal or area exposure data of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.
1.4 This practice seeks to minimize inter laboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.
1.5 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitate inter laboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.
1.6 In 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) empanelled a Standards Advisory Committee to make recommendations to the Administration regarding measures that the Administration could take to improve the health of workers exposed to metalworking fluids. A report to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA was submitted in July, 1999. Subcommittee E34.50 believes that the user community would benefit significantly if a standard method was developed to give the community guidance on a methodology for the sampling and analysis of personal airborne endotoxin exposure assessments in facilities using water-miscible metal removal fluids, based on the LAL assay or other endotoxin detection technologies as they become available.
1.7 This practice does not attempt to set or imply limits for personal exposure to endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace environments.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Apr-2001
• ICS: 13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
• Technical Committee: E34 - Occupational Health and Safety
• Drafting Committee: E34.50 - Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E2144-01(2007) - Standard Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E2169-22 - Standard Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1497-23 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2148-21 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2889-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2523-13(2018) - Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E2144–01
Standard Practice for
Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in
Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the per-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sonal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin con-
centrations in poly-disperse metalworking fluid aerosols in
2. Referenced Documents
workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental
2.1 ASTM Standards:
knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin test-
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
ing.
Atmospheres
1.2 Users of this practice may obtain personal or area
D 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody Procedures
exposure data of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols,
D 5337 Practice for Flow Rate for Calibration of Personal
either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmo-
Sampling Pumps
spheres.
D 6629 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin con-
Workplace Atmospheres
centration of the sampled atmosphere.
E 1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
1.4 This practice seeks to minimize inter laboratory varia-
Workplace Protection
tion but does not ensure uniformity of results.
E 1497 Practice for Safe Use of Water-Miscible Metal
1.5 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitate inter
RemovalFluids
laboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from met-
E 1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
alworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid
Safety
atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling,
2.2 OSHA Standards:
extraction, and analytical methods.
29 CFR 1910.1000 Air Contaminants
1.6 In 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
tration (OSHA) empanelled a Standards Advisory Committee
Chemicals in Laboratories
to make recommendations to the Administration regarding
2.3 Other Documents:
measures that the Administration could take to improve the
Criteria Document for a Recommended Standard: Occupa-
health of workers exposed to metalworking fluids. A report to
tional Exposure to Metalworking Fluids
the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA was submitted in
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM)
July, 1999. Subcommittee E34.50 believes that the user com-
munity would benefit significantly if a standard method was
3. Terminology
developed to give the community guidance on a methodology
3.1 For definitions of terms in this practice relating to
for the sampling and analysis of personal airborne endotoxin
sampling and analysis of atmospheres, refer to Terminology
exposure assessments in facilities using water-miscible metal
D 1356. For definitions of terms in this practice relating to
removal fluids, based on the LAL assay or other endotoxin
occupational health and safety, refer to Terminology E 1542.
detection technologies as they become available.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.7 This practice does not attempt to set or imply limits for
personal exposure to endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols
in workplace environments.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa- Office, Washington, DC 20402.
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published June 2001. pational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2144–01
3.2.1 endotoxins, n—a lipopolysaccharide derived from the from a variety of bio-molecular species and physicochemical
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. phenomena, such as pH, temperature, filter matrix effects,
3.2.2 endotoxin unit (EU), n—a biological potency unit cationic concentrations, LAL-reactive materials (LRM), en-
equivalent to the FDA Reference Standard Endotoxin (RSE). zyme influences, and lysate composition variability and sensi-
Currently, EC-6 is equivalent to 0.1 ng 3D 1 EU. tivity (a function of different lysate processing methodologies).
3.2.3 field blank, n—filter/cassette unit prepared for sam-
pling that is taken to the sampling site and handled in the same
7. Apparatus
mannerastheanalyticalfilter/cassetteunit,butthatisnotapart
7.1 Sampling:
of the sampling process.
7.1.1 Sampling Unit, an apparatus consisting of a personal
3.2.4 Gram-negative bacteria, n—prokaryotic cells that
sampling pump, a 37-mm glass fiber filter, a two-piece,
have a complex cell-wall structure that stain characteristically
closed-face plastic cassette, and flexible connecting tubing
when subjected to the differential Gram staining procedure.
between the personal sampling pump and the attached cassette/
3.2.5 Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, n—a biologi-
filter unit.
cal assay that detects endotoxin.
7.1.1.1 Pump, a constant-flow personal sampling pump with
3.2.6 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metal working
an on-board battery power source and a flow rate of 2.0 L/min
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
(65 %).
the finished part.
7.1.1.2 Filter Cassette, pyrogen-free, closed-faced, two-
3.2.6.1 Discussion—The term most often refers to straight
piece polystyrene filter holder with 4 mm inlet and outlet, with
oils and water-based fluids, such as soluble, semi-synthetic,
caps.
and synthetic fluids.
7.1.1.3 Filter (Membrane),pyrogen-free,glassfiber,37-mm
3.2.7 onset time, n—timerequiredforachangeof200mOD
diameter with a cellulose support pad.
(optical density) units relative to the initial OD value.
7.1.1.4 Connective Tubing, flexible, appropriate inside di-
3.2.8 personal sampler, n—a portable sampling instrument
ameter.
that is attached to a person to ascertain the concentration of
7.1.1.5 Soap-bubble Meter, a primary standard used for
specific constituents in the air in the person’s breathing zone.
sampler flow rate calibration.
3.2.9 pyrogen-free, adj—material(s) devoid of measurable
endotoxin activity.
NOTE 1—An alternative primary standard is acceptable.
3.2.10 pyrogen-free water (PFW), n—processed water that
7.2 Extraction:
is devoid of measurable endotoxin activity.
7.2.1 Sonicator Bath, ultrasonic/water bath apparatus with a
minimum peak frequency of 40-kHz with cavitation adjust-
4. Summary of Practice
ment and thermostat control.
4.1 A known volume of workplace air in a facility utilizing
7.2.2 Vortex Mixer, general purpose with a minimum speed
metalworking fluids is drawn through a sample filter cassette
of 500 rpm.
unit.
4.2 The sample filter is extracted into a pyrogen-free solu-
8. Reagents and Materials
tion to quantitatively release endotoxin absorbed from col-
8.1 Control Standard Endotoxin (CSE)—Endotoxin prepa-
lected metalworking fluid aerosol.
4.3 The extract solution is subjected to quantitative endot- rations used for calibration standards shall be referenced to the
Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Reference Standard En-
oxin analysis techniques. The measured endotoxin concentra-
tion is reported in terms of endotoxin potency units per unit dotoxin (RSE), which is presently EC-6 RSE. Calibration
volume of air sampled. standards data and corresponding regression data are expressed
in EU.
5. Significance and Use 8.2 Endotoxin detection reagents, utilized in accordance
with manufacturer’s directions.
5.1 Endotoxins in metalworking fluid aerosols present po-
tential respiratory health hazards to workers who
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