ASTM E887-88(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Silica in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and RDF Ash
Standard Test Method for Silica in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and RDF Ash
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag. The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences. Silicon compounds shall be dissolved by alkali fusion and dehydrated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Dehydration is completed by ignition, and the silica is volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in RDF, RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag.
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 6.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E887 − 88 (Reapproved 2009)
StandardTest Method for
Silica in Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) and RDF Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E887; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 Muffle Furnace—The furnace shall have an operating
temperature of up to 1200°C.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in
RDF, RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag. 4.3 Hot Plate or Steam Bath.
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric 4.4 Platinum Crucibles, 35 to 85-mL capacity.
procedure and is independent of interferences.
4.5 Graphite Crucibles, 35 to 85-mL capacity.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.6 Fused Quartz Dishes, 35 to 85-mL capacity.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. 5. Reagents and Materials
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used in this test. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
statement, see Section 6.
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
2. Referenced Documents
accuracy of the determination.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, reference
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
to water shall be understood to mean at least Type III reagent
E791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel
water conforming to Specification D1193.
Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
5.3 Sodium Carbonate (Na CO ), anhydrous powder.
2 3
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
5.4 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), concentrated, sp gr 1.19.
Laboratory Samples for Analysis (Withdrawn 2002)
5.5 Hydrochloric Acid (1+3), Mix 1 volume of concen-
3. Summary of Test Method
trated HCl with 3 volumes of water.
3.1 Silicon compounds in RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or
5.6 Hydrochloric Acid (1+1)—Mix 1 volume of concen-
slag are dissolved by alkali fusion and dehydrated with
trated HCl with 1 volume of water.
hydrochloricacid(HCl).Dehydrationiscompletedbyignition,
5.7 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99)—Mix 1 volume of concen-
and the silica is volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride.
trated HCl with 99 volumes of water.
4. Apparatus
5.8 Sulfuric Acid (1+1)—Mix 1 volume of concentrated
sulfuric acid (H SO , sp gr 1.84) with 1 volume of water.
4.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 0.0001 g.
2 4
5.9 Hydrofluric Acid (HF), concentrated 48 to 51 %.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
6. Hazards
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
6.1 Due to the origins of RDF in municipal waste, common
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
sense dictates that precautions should be observed when
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 887 – 88 (2004).
DOI: 10.1520/E0887-88R09.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
the ASTM website. Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
www.astm.org. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E887 − 88 (Reapproved 2009)
conducting tests on the samples. Recommended hygienic 8.2.2 Weighaccurately6to10gofRDFash,flyash,bottom
practices include use of gloves when handling RDF; wearing ash, or slag as prepared in 8.2.1 into a conditioned preweighed
dust masks (NIOSH-approved type), especially while milling fused quartz dish.
RDF samples; conducting tests under negative pressure hoods
8.2.3 Spread out the analysis sample of the ash to be
when possible; and washing hands before eating or smoking.
analyzed in a layer not over 6.4 mm ( ⁄4 in.) in depth.
8.2.4 Place the dish in the muffle at a low temperature (not
7. Sampling
greater than 100°C), and gradually heat to redness at such a
7.1 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF):
rate as to avoid mechanical loss from too rapid expulsion of
volatile matter.
NOTE 1—ASTM Subcommittee E38.01 is currently in the process of
developing procedures for sampling RDF.
8.2.5 Complete the conversion to ash at a temperature of
7.1.1 RDF products are frequently nonhomogeneous. For 800 to 900°C (1470 to 1659°F).
this reason, significant care should be exercised to obtain a
8.2.6 Cool in a desiccator and stir the ash to ensure
representative laboratory sample from the RDF lot to be
homogeneity of particle sizes. Be careful not to lose any ash
characterized.
from the dish during this stirring.
7.1.2 The sampling method for these procedures should be
8.2.7 Spread the ash in a thin layer in the dish and ignite in
based on agreement between involved parties. 1
a stream of oxygen for 1 ⁄2 h at 800 to 850°C (1470 to 1560°F)
7.1.3 The laboratory sample must be air-dried and particle
to ensure complete and uniform oxidation of the ash.
size reduced to pass a 0.5-mm screen for analysis. This
8.2.8 Cool the ash to room temperature in a desiccator.
procedure must be performed carefully to preserve the sam-
8.2.9 Weigh the dish and the ash.
ple’s representative characteristics (other than particle size)
8.2.10 Calculate the percent residue after ignition as fol-
while preparing the analysis sample to be used in this proce-
lows:
dure (see Practice E829).
% Residue after ignition 5 ~F 2 D!/~E 2 D! 3100 (2)
7.2 Refuse-Derived Fuel Ash, Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, or
Slag—The method of sampling for this procedure should be
where:
based on agreement between involved parties.
D = weight of fused quartz dish, g,
E = weight of fused quartz dish and sample, of RDF ash, fly
8. Sample Preparation
ash, bottom ash or slag, g, and
8.1 Refuse-Derived Fuel:
F = weight of fused quartz dish and residue after ignition of
8.1.1 Weigh accurately 30 to 50 g of RDF analysis sample
RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag, g.
as prepared in 6.1 into
...
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