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ASTM D3028-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids (Withdrawn 2000)

Standard Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids (Withdrawn 2000)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sliding (kinetic) friction of plastic solids or sheeting (as moving specimens) when sliding against similar or dissimilar substances (Note 1) (as fixed specimens) through the speed range of approximately 0.10 to 3.00 m/s. The instrument used is a variable speed, variable normal-force frictionometer. ,   Note 1-The physical form for these fixed specimens should be that of rigid or self-supporting solids. Attempts to mount thin sheeting, film, foil, etc., are not recommended due to the difficulty encountered when attempting to meet the weight and concentricity requirements (see 4.1.1).
1.2 Rigid or self-supporting specimens must be machined to specified dimensions. Normally, sheeting exceeding 1.00 mm (0.040 in.) in thickness should not be tested on a mounting wheel of standard diameter.  Note 2-An error accumulation of 1% per 0.50 mm (0.020 in.) of sheeting thickness results as the standard diameter of the test surface is increased. If the resulting error is not tolerable, undersize mounting wheels can be employed.
1.3 Two testing procedures are included. Selection of a procedure is determined by the specific interests of the investigator. The procedures are:  
1.3.1 Procedure A -Determination of variable-velocity kinetic coefficients, and  
1.3.2 Procedure B -Determination of constant-velocity kinetic coefficients over an extended period of time.
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Dec-1994
Withdrawal Date
09-Nov-2000
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D3028-95 - Standard Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids (Withdrawn 2000)ASTM D3028-95 - Standard Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids (Withdrawn 2000)
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ASTM D3028-95 - Standard Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids (Withdrawn 2000)
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: D 3028 – 95 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
1
Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3028; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sliding
2. Referenced Documents
(kinetic) friction of plastic solids or sheeting (as moving
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimens) when sliding against similar or dissimilar sub-
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
stances (Note 1) (as fixed specimens) through the speed range
4
Insulating Materials for Testing
of approximately 0.10 to 3.00 m/s. The instrument used is a
2, 3
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
variable speed, variable normal-force frictionometer.
5
rials
NOTE 1—The physical form for these fixed specimens should be that of
rigid or self-supporting solids. Attempts to mount thin sheeting, film, foil,
3. Significance and Use
etc., are not recommended due to the difficulty encountered when
3.1 Kinetic coefficients of friction serve as indexes for
attempting to meet the weight and concentricity requirements (see 4.1.1).
characterizing materials that are subjected to conditions of slip.
1.2 Rigid or self-supporting specimens must be machined to
Many variables affect the frictional behavior of materials and
specified dimensions. Normally, sheeting exceeding 1.00 mm
by offering more than a single method of test the influence of
(0.040 in.) in thickness should not be tested on a mounting
these variables can be more readily observed.
wheel of standard diameter.
3.2 The specific procedures offer investigators an opportu-
nity to select a method of testing that is best suited to their
NOTE 2—An error accumulation of 1 % per 0.50 mm (0.020 in.) of
sheeting thickness results as the standard diameter of the test surface is particular interests. Diversified applications of frictional infor-
increased. If the resulting error is not tolerable, undersize mounting
mation can thus be served and a closer correlation between test
wheels can be employed.
results and actual performance might be expected.
1.3 Two testing procedures are included. Selection of a 3.3 Procedure A provides data with respect to many differ-
ent velocities within a specified range. Effects of wear and
procedure is determined by the specific interests of the inves-
tigator. The procedures are: temperature are kept to a minimum. Although these effects are
minimized, their influence is often recognized when the values
1.3.1 Procedure A—Determination of variable-velocity ki-
netic coefficients, and obtained while descending the velocity scale (see 8.1) consis-
tently differ with those obtained while ascending the velocity
1.3.2 Procedure B—Determination of constant-velocity ki-
netic coefficients over an extended period of time. scale.
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and 3.4 Procedure B provides data with respect to wear and
temperature. Effects of changing velocities are eliminated since
appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the the testing velocity is held constant.
3.5 Since frictional properties often depend on surface
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. conditions, it should not necessarily be expected that identical
results between like specimens will always occur. Surface
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the properties of materials under study can vary greatly when they
are produced by different processes or by like processes on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- different equipment. In the case of film testing, the time-
dependent blooming of lubricants or other processing additives
can produce varying surface conditions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
3.6 For many materials, there may be a specification that
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural
published as D 3028 – 72. Last previous edition D 3028 – 93.
2
Available from Custom Scientific Instruments Inc., Whippany, NJ.
3
Westover, R. F., and Vroom, W. I., “A Variable Speed Frictionometer for
4
Plastics, Rubbers, Metals, and other Materials,” S.P.E. Journal, Vol 19, No. 10, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
5
October 1963. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.
...

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FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
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This specification covers nonrigid, unsupported vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting in which the resin portion of the composition contains at least 90 % vinyl chloride. The remaining 10 % may include one or more monomers copolymerized with vinyl chloride, or consist of other resins mechanically blended together with poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof. The film and sheeting covered herein shall be 0.075 to 0.25 mm (3 to 10 mils) in thickness for film and greater than 0.25 mm in thickness for sheet, and shall include the stabilizers and plasticizers necessary to meet the requirements of this specification. The material may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and may be plain, printed, embossed, or otherwise surface treated. This specification designates three general-purpose types of vinyl chloride film and sheeting - calendered, extruded, and cast. The materials shall be tested for its tensile strength and elongation at rapture, tear resistance, volatile loss, water extraction, low temperature impact, burning rate, shrinkage, and color fastness to rubbing.
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1.1 This specification covers nonrigid, unsupported vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting in which the resin portion of the composition contains at least 90 % vinyl chloride. The remaining 10 % can include one or more monomers copolymerized with vinyl chloride, or consist of other resins mechanically blended together with poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof.  
1.2 The vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting covered herein shall be 0.075 to 0.25 mm (3 to 10 mils) in thickness for film and greater than 0.25 mm in thickness for sheeting. The film and sheeting shall include the stabilizers and plasticizers necessary to meet the requirements of this specification. This specification covers transparent, translucent, or opaque film and sheeting that is plain, printed, embossed, or otherwise surface treated.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the energy that causes plastic film to fail under specified conditions of impact of a free-falling dart. This energy is expressed in terms of the weight (mass) of the missile falling from a specified height which would result in 50 % failure of specimens tested.  
1.2 Two test methods are described:  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs a dart with a 38.10 ± 0.13-mm (1.500 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 0.66 ± 0.01 m (26.0 ± 0.4 in.). This test method can be used for films whose impact resistances require masses of about 50 g to about 6 kg to fracture them.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs a dart with a 50.80 ± 0.13-mm (2.000 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 1.52 ± 0.03 m (60.0 + 0.25, −1.70 in.). Its range of applicability is from about 0.3 kg to about 6 kg.  
1.3 Two testing techniques are described:  
1.3.1 The standard technique is the staircase method. By this technique, the missile weight employed during the test is decreased or increased by uniform increments after the testing of each specimen, depending upon the result (fail or not fail) observed for the specimen.  
1.3.2 The alternative technique provides for testing specimens in successive groups of ten. One missile weight is employed for each group and the missile weight is varied in uniform increments from group to group.  
1.3.3 The staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results both as to the values of impact failure weight which are obtained and as to the precisions with which they are determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: Tests on materials that do not break, for any reason, are not considered to be valid. It has been noted that certain materials may stretch so far as to bottom out at the base of certain ...

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