ASTM D4272/D4272M-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop
Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the performance of a material in applications such as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates the action encountered in applications where moderate-velocity blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.
5.2 The values obtained by this test method are highly dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as well as the type and grade of resin.
5.3 Test methods employing different missile velocities, impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters will most likely produce different results. Data obtained by this test method cannot necessarily be compared directly with those obtained by other test methods.
5.4 The impact resistance of a film, while partly dependent on thickness, does not have a simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values expressed in joules [ft·lbf] normalized over a range of thickness will not necessarily be linear with thickness. Data from this test method are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±15 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.
5.5 The test results obtained by this test method are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The influence of variability of data obtained by this procedure will, therefore, depend strongly on the sample quality, uniformity of film thickness, the presence of die marks, contaminants, etc.
5.6 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Test Method A), Test Method D3420 (Procedures A and B), and Test Method D4272. The test results are shown in Appendix X2. Differences in results between Test Methods...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
Note 2: This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4272/D4272M − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4272/D4272M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
by the Free-Falling Dart Method
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total
D3420 Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of
energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy
Plastic Film
lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
Test Specimens
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
E171/E171M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
Barrier Packaging
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
conformance with the standard
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 2.2 ISO Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ISO 7765–2 Plastics Film and Sheeting—Determination of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Impact Resistance by the Free Falling Dart Method—Part
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2: Instrumented Puncture Test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
3.1 Terminology—Terms used in this standard are defined in
thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject accordance with Terminology D883, unless otherwise speci-
matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly
fied. For terms relating to precision and bias and associated
compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a
issues, the terms used in this standard are defined in accordance
direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head,
with Terminology E456.
while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then
measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.2.1 free-fall time—the measured time required for the dart
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to travel through the sensing area with no film specimen in the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the clamp.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.2 missile mass (SI units)—the total mass of the dart (kg)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
including any attached incremental weights and the locking
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
collar.
3.2.3 missile weight (in.-lb units)—the total weight of the
2. Referenced Documents
dart (lb) including any attached incremental weights and the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
locking collar.
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In the energy calculation, the weight is
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
divided by the gravitational constant, “g” to obtain the mass.
3.2.4 test-fall time—the measured time for the dart to travel
1
through the sensing area with a film specimen in the clamp.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
Molded Products.
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally
4.1 The velocity of a freely falling dart of specified shape
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4272/D4272M - 15.
DOI: 10.1520/D4272_D4272M-23.
that has passed through a sheet of plastic film is determined by
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4272/D4272M − 15 D4272/D4272M − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4272/D4272M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost
by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from
the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared
between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test
Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method
D3420 Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
E171E171/E171M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Aug. 1, 2023. Published October 2015August 2023. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 as
D4272 - 14.D4272/D4272M - 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4272_D4272M-15.10.1520/D4272_D4272M-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4272/D4272M − 23
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
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2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 7765–2 Plastics Film and Sheeting—Determination of Impact Resistance by the Free Falling Dart Method—Part 2:
Instrumented Puncture Test
3. Terminology
3.1 Terminology—For definitions, see Terms used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminology D883, unless
otherwise specified. For terms relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the terms used in this standard are defined in
accordance with Terminology E456.
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Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
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D4272/D4272M − 23
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 free-fall time—the measured time required for the dart to travel throu
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