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ASTM E1347-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry

Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of specimens resulting in color coordinates and color difference values by using a tristimulus (filter) colorimeter, also known as a color-difference meter. This test method does not apply to the use of a spectrocolorimeter, which is a spectrophotometer that is normally capable of producing as output colorimetric data, but not the underlying spectral data from which color coordinates are calculated. Measurement by using a spectrocolorimeter is covered in Practice E 1164 and methods on color measurement by spectrophotometry.
1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measurement of color coordinates and color differences by reflected light using either a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45/0 or 0/45 geometry. Provision is also made for measurement by transmitted light using a hemispherical optical measuring system.
1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimulus (filter) colorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color coordinates are required, the instrument be standardized by use of a standard having similar spectral (color) and geometric characteristics to those of the specimen. The use of a product standard of suitable stability is highly desirable.
1.4 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorimeters to detect metamerism or paramerism, or to correctly measure metameric or parameric pairs of specimens, this test method specifies that, when color differences are required, the two specimens must have similar spectral (color) and geometric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may be standardized for reflectance measurement by use of a white reflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, with no specimen or standard at the specimen position.
1.5 While this test method is generally suitable for all object-color specimens, it should not be used without observing certain restrictions on the geometries and standardization procedures appropriate for different types of specimens and uses, and on the spectral character (metamerism or paramerism) of specimens and standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2003
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1347-97 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E1347-06 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1315-19 - Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds Having Special Properties for Curing and Sealing Concrete
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3730-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6131-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative Tint Undertone of Titanium Dioxide Pigments
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D1014-18 - Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5215-93(2021) - Standard Test Method for Instrumental Evaluation of Staining of Vinyl Flooring by Adhesives
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3450-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior Architectural Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5531-17(2023) - Standard Guide for Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance of Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D822/D822M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D2066-07(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste-Type Printing Ink Dispersions
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3258-04(2019) - Standard Test Method for Porosity of White or Near White Paint Films by Staining
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7489-09(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Touch-Up Properties of Architectural Coatings under Various Environmental Conditions
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D2457-21 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003

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ASTM E1347-03 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) ColorimetryASTM E1347-03 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
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ASTM E1347-03 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E1347–03
Standard Test Method for
Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus
1
(Filter) Colorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1347; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope procedures appropriate for different types of specimens and
uses, and on the spectral character (metamerism or paramer-
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
ism) of specimens and standards.
ment of specimens resulting in color coordinates and color
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
differencevaluesbyusingatristimulus(filter)colorimeter,also
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
known as a color-difference meter. This test method does not
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
apply to the use of a spectrocolorimeter, which is a spectro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
photometer that is normally capable of producing as output
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
colorimetric data, but not the underlying spectral data from
which color coordinates are calculated. Measurement by using
2. Referenced Documents
aspectrocolorimeteriscoveredinPracticeE 1164andmethods
2.1 ASTM Standards:
on color measurement by spectrophotometry.
D 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measure-
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
ment of color coordinates and color differences by reflected
2
Coordinates
light using either a hemispherical optical measuring system,
2
D 4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectional optical mea-
E 167 Practice for Goniophotometry of Objects and Mate-
suring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar
2
rials
45/0or0/45geometry.Provisionisalsomadeformeasurement
E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
by transmitted light using a hemispherical optical measuring
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of
system.
2
Materials
1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimulus
2
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
(filter) colorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color
E 805 PracticeforIdentificationofInstrumentalMethodsof
coordinates are required, the instrument be standardized by use
2
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
of a standard having similar spectral (color) and geometric
E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent
characteristics to those of the specimen. The use of a product
2
Specimens
standard of suitable stability is highly desirable.
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
1.4 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorim-
2
Object-Color Evaluation
eters to detect metamerism or paramerism, or to correctly
measure metameric or parameric pairs of specimens, this test
3. Terminology
method specifies that, when color differences are required, the
3.1 Definitions:
two specimens must have similar spectral (color) and geomet-
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E 179 and Terminology
ric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may be stan-
E 284 are applicable to this test method.
dardized for reflectance measurement by use of a white
reflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, with
4. Summary of Test Method
no specimen or standard at the specimen position.
4.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring
1.5 While this test method is generally suitable for all
object-color specimens in either transmission or reflection with
object-color specimens, it should not be used without observ-
a tristimulus (filter) colorimeter (hereafter referred to as a
ing certain restrictions on the geometries and standardization
colorimeter) by use of the following geometric conditions and
standardization procedures:
4.1.1 Color differences by reflected light of nonmetameric,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
nonparameric pairs of opaque or translucent specimens by use
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally
2
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1347 – 97. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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ASTM E1331-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
4.3 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method.  
4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
Note 2: In editions of E1247 – 92 and earlier, the test of fluorescence was the two sets of spectral transmittances or radiance factor (reflectance factors) differ by 1 % of full scale at the wavelength of greatest difference.  
4.5 Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection.  
4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
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1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1336-11(2023)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
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ASTM E2867-14(2023)(Practice)
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5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
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5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
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1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
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ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
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ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
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1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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