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ASTM D6683-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids

Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk density of materials in bins, hoppers and for material handling applications such as silos.
The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture content, particle size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and a fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.
Initial bulk density may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested.
Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the load increments. Traditionally, the load is doubled for each increment resulting in a load-increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard load increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the load increment ratio.
Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each load increment. Traditionally, the load duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of consolidation is such that complete consolidation (dissipation of excess pore pressure) will require significantly more than 15 s.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure for determining a range of bulk densities of powders and other bulk solids as a function of compaction pressure.
1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.
1.3 This test method is similar to those of B 212-89(1995) Test Method for Apparent Density of Free-Flowing Metal Powders, D 29-86(1994) Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Lac Resins, D 2854-89(1993) Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon.
1.4 The values stated are in SI Units and are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2001
ICS
19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.24 - Characterization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6683-08 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids as Function of Compressive Stress
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7481-18 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Loose and Tapped Bulk Densities of Powders using a Graduated Cylinder
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001

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ASTM D6683-01 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk SolidsASTM D6683-01 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids
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ASTM D6683-01 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6683–01
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk
Solids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6683; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.3 initial bulk density (r)—the initial density (Kg/m )
when the cup is filled, prior to compressing the material with
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure for
the weights.
determining a range of bulk densities of powders and other
3.2.4 initial height (H)—the initial height prior to com-
bulk solids as a function of compaction pressure. i
pressing the specimen in m.
1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory
3.2.5 maximum consolidation pressure (P )—the maximum
under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. m
desired pressure at which a bulk density value is to be
1.3 This test method is similar to those of B 212-89(1995)
determined in kPa.
Test Method for Apparent Density of Free-Flowing Metal
3.2.6 maximum force (W )—the weight that produces the
m
Powders, D 29-86(1994) Test Methods for Sampling and
maximum consolidation pressure (P ) appropriate for the
Testing Lac Resins, D 2854-89(1993) Test Method for Appar- m
application: (W =P 3 A). Units are in kN.
m m l
ent Density of Activated Carbon.
1.4 The values stated are in SI Units and are to be regarded
4. Summary of Test Method
as the standard.
4.1 Bulk density values are determined by measuring the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
volume change of a given mass of bulk solid under increasing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
compaction pressure conditions.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk
density of materials in bins, hoppers and for material handling
2. Referenced Documents
applications such as silos.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
2 selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to
Fluids
select a representative sample of the particulate solid with
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-
respect to moisture content, particle size distribution and
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock,
2 temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be
and Related Construction Materials
available, and a fresh material should be used for each
3. Terminology individual test specimen.
5.3 Initial bulk density may or may not be used as the
3.1 Definitions of terms used in this test method shall be in
minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being
accordance with Terminology D 653.
tested.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the mag-
3.2.1 area of the lid (A)—this is the area of the cover in m .
l
nitude of the load increments.Traditionally, the load is doubled
3.2.2 incremental height (h )—the height due to the addi-
m
for each increment resulting in a load-increment ratio of 1.
tion of weights in m.
Smaller than standard load increment ratios may be desirable
for materials that are highly sensitive to the load increment
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
ratio.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization
5.5 Bulkdensityvaluesmaybedependentupontheduration
and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
of each load increment. Traditionally, the load duration is the
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published October 2001.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6683–01
the rate of consolidation is such that complete consolidation 6.8 Weight Support, to support weights as they are added to
(dissipation of excess pore pressure) will require significantly compress the material.
more than 15 s.
7. Preparation of Apparatus
6. Apparatus
7.1 Calibrate the balance and set it on a sturdy table or
bench for accurate measurement.
A schematic of the arrangement of the test apparatus of the
7.2 Make sure that the density cup and cover are clean and
system is shown in Fig. 1.
free of foreign material prior to starting each new test.
6.1 Balance, having a capacity to determine mass by using
7.3 Calibrate the weights and keep them clean of foreign
weight per class GP1 scale as per method ASTM document
material.
D 4753.
7.4 Select a minimum of five weights to be used according
6.2 Stand, to support the density cup, and to mount the dial
to the following procedure. Additional weights may be used if
indicator. The stand must be level and securely mounted on a
more data points are desired or required.
vibration free base to support the test apparatus.
7.4.1 CalculatethemaximumforceW .(Thiswillbeoneof
6.3 Density Cup, with cover to contain the test specimen.
m
the weights.)
Density cup cover has a ball mounted in the center.The density
7.4.2 Divide the maximum force W in half then in half
cup is to be a cylindrical cup with the minimum cell diameter
m
again and continue until at least five weights have been
of 64 mm and a minimum height of 21 mm or five times the
identified.
diameter of the largest particle whichever results largest cell
height. The ratio of diameter to height must be at least 3:1.
8. Procedure
6.4 Weights, to be used with the weight hanger for consoli-
dation purposes. 8.1 Determine the mass of the density cup and record this
6.5 Weight Hanger, to support weights, and guide load onto value to the nearest 0.1 g on a test data sheet as the tare weight.
the density cup cover. 8.2 Determine the weight of the cover and the weight
6.6 Dial or Digital Displacement Indicator, to measure hanger (this weight along with the spring force from the dial
height. Dial indicator should be able to read in 0.02 mm indicator, become the initial weight). Be sure this weight is less
increments. than the smallest weight to be used. These are to be recorded
6.7 Plug, or gage block is used to zero the dial indicator
...

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5.2 The use of analyzers for proppant measurement has the benefit of providing particle shape characteristics which are important in the performance of these materials. Shape analysis is currently done by operator’s determination based on a visual observation of a small number of particles per API 19C. Available information from imaging analysis of many particles can be used to assess the proppant shape characteristics as opposed to just a small number.
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1.1 This practice describes procedural steps to create a correlation that can be used to compare results of proppant size distributions between dynamic imaging analyzers (analyzers) and prescribed sieve sets.  
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1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
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1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr Indices.2  
1.2 This test method is suitable for free flowing and moderately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mm [1/16 in.] in size. Materials must be able to pour through a 6.0 to 8.0-mm [1/4 to 5/16 in.] diameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.  
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1.3.5 Measurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density  
1.3.6 Calculation of Carr Compressibility  
1.3.7 Measurement of Carr Cohesion  
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1.3.10 Measurement of Carr Dispersibility  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sifting segregation can cause horizontal segregation (for example, center-to-periphery) within bins used to hold and transport bulk solids. This can affect final product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a bulk solid's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other bulk solids with known history, or determine if the given bulk solid may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
5.3 Sifting, which is a process by which smaller particles move through a matrix of larger ones, is a common method of segregation. Four conditions must exist for sifting to occur:  
5.3.1 A Difference in Particle Size between the Individual Components—This ratio can be as low as 1.3 to 1. In general, the larger the ratio of particle sizes, the greater the tendency for particles to segregate by sifting.  
5.3.2 A Sufficiently Large Mean Particle Size—Sifting segregation can occur with a mean particle size in the 50 μm range and can become a dominant segregation mechanism if the mean particle size is above 100 μm.  
5.3.3 Sufficiently Free Flowing Material—This allows the smaller particles to sift through the matrix of larger particles. With cohesive materials, the fine particles are bound to one another and do not enter the voids among the coarse particles.  
5.3.4 Interparticle Motion—This can be caused during formation of a pile, by vibration, or by a velocity gradient across the flowing material.  
5.4 All four of these conditions must exist for sifting segregation to occur. If any one of these conditions does not exist, the material will not segregate by this mechanism.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means of the sifting mechanism.  
1.2 Temperature- and humidity-sensitive bulk solids may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.3 The maximum particle size should be limited to 3 mm [1/8 in.], to reduce the likelihood of binding the slide gate.  
1.4 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while sifting is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many bulk solids, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6941 covers another common mechanism: fluidization.  
1.5 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the bulk solid and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids as Function of Compressive Stress

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk density of materials in bins and hoppers and for material handling applications such as feeders.  
5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture (water) content, particle-size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.  
5.3 Initial bulk density, (ρb)initial, may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested. For example, the two are often close to the same for coarse (most particles larger than about 6 mm), free-flowing bulk solids, but not for fine, aeratable powders.  
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the applied mass increments. Traditionally, the applied mass is doubled for each increment resulting in an applied mass increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the applied mass increment ratio. An example of the latter is a material whose bulk density increases 10% or more with each increase in applied mass.  
5.5 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each applied mass. Traditionally, the duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of compression is such that complete compression (no change in volume with time at a given applied compressive stress) will require significantly more than 15 s.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users ...
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1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure for determining a range of bulk densities of powders and other bulk solids as a function of compressive stress.  
1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6941-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Fluidization Segregation Tendencies of Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluidization segregation can cause vertical segregation within bins used to hold and transport powders. This can affect product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a powder's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other powders with known history, or determine if the given powder may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
5.3 Fine powders generally have a lower permeability than coarse bulk solids and therefore tend to retain air longer. Thus, when a bin is filled with a fluidizable powder, the coarser particles settle or are driven into the bed while the finer particles remain fluidized near the surface.  
5.4 Fluidization, which serves as a driving force for this mechanism of segregation, is likely to occur when fine powders are pneumatically conveyed into a bin, the bin is filled or discharged at high rates, or if sufficient air flow counter to the flow of powder is present within the bin.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for creating several specimens of a powder sample that, if the powder is one that segregates by the fluidization mechanism, should be different from one another.  
1.2 A powder sample is fluidized then, after the fluidizing gas is turned off, it is separated into three or more specimens that can be analyzed for parameters of interest. The difference in these parameters between the specimens is an indication of the segregation potential of the powder.  
1.3 Powders must be capable of being fluidized in order to be tested by this practice.  
1.4 Temperature- and moisture-sensitive powders may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.5 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while fluidization is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many fine powders, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6940 covers another common mechanism: sifting.  
1.6 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the powder and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consid...

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ASTM
ASTM D1140-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).  
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).  
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.  
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.  
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.  
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...

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ASTM
ASTM D7891-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:  
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.  
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties or environmental parameters, or both, such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, water content and temperature.  
5.2 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.  
5.3 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).3
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shoul...
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1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for quantifying the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).  
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used to assist with the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.  
1.3 The apparatus is appropriate for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is practicable to test powders that have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but it is recommended they represent no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Un...

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