ASTM E21-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
Standard Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The elevated-temperature tension test gives a useful estimate of the ability of metals to withstand the application of applied tensile forces. Using established and conventional relationships it can be used to give some indication of probable behavior under other simple states of stress, such as compression, shear, etc. The ductility values give a comparative measure of the capacity of different materials to deform locally without cracking and thus to accommodate a local stress concentration or overstress; however, quantitative relationships between tensile ductility and the effect of stress concentrations at elevated temperature are not universally valid. A similar comparative relationship exists between tensile ductility and strain-controlled, low-cycle fatigue life under simple states of stress. The results of these tension tests can be considered as only a questionable comparative measure of the strength and ductility for service times of thousands of hours. Therefore, the principal usefulness of the elevated-temperature tension test is to assure that the tested material is similar to reference material when other measures such as chemical composition and microstructure also show the two materials are similar.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedure and equipment for the determination of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area of metallic materials at elevated temperatures.
1.2 Determination of modulus of elasticity and proportional limit are not included.
1.3 Tension tests under conditions of rapid heating or rapid strain rates are not included.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:E21–05
Standard Test Methods for
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Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE 21;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 633 Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress
Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air
1.1 These test methods cover procedure and equipment for
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
thedeterminationoftensilestrength,yieldstrength,elongation,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
and reduction of area of metallic materials at elevated tempera-
tures.
3. Terminology
1.2 Determination of modulus of elasticity and proportional
3.1 Definitions:
limit are not included.
3.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to tension testing which
1.3 Tension tests under conditions of rapid heating or rapid
appear inTerminologyE6, shall apply to the terms used in this
strain rates are not included.
test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard.
3.2.1 reduced section of the specimen—the central portion
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ofthelengthhavingacrosssectionsmallerthantheendswhich
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
are gripped. The cross section is uniform within tolerances
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
prescribed in 7.7.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.2 length of the reduced section—the distance between
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tangent points of the fillets which bound the reduced section.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.3 adjusted length of the reduced section is greater than
2
the length of the reduced section by an amount calculated to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
compensate for strain in the fillet region (see 9.2.3).
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3.2.4 gage length—the original distance between gage
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
marks made on the specimen for determining elongation after
ing
fracture.
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
3.2.5 axial strain—the average of the strain measured on
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
opposite sides and equally distant from the specimen axis.
Determine Conformance with Specification
3.2.6 bending strain—the difference between the strain at
E74 Practice for Calibration of Force Measuring Instru-
the surface of the specimen and the axial strain. In general it
ments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Ma-
variesfrompointtopointaroundandalongthereducedsection
chines
of the specimen.
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
3.2.7 maximum bending strain—the largest value of bend-
someters System
ing strain in the reduced section of the specimen. It can be
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
calculatedfrommeasurementsofstrainatthreecircumferential
ASTM Test Methods
positions at each of two different longitudinal positions.
E 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by
Comparison Techniques
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The elevated-temperature tension test gives a useful
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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
estimate of the ability of metals to withstand the application of
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
applied tensile forces. Using established and conventional
Uniaxial Testing.
relationships it can be used to give some indication of probable
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2005. Published June 2005. Originally
approved in 1933. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 21 – 03a. behavior under other simple states of stress, such as compres-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sion, shear, etc. The ductility values give a comparative
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
measure of the capacity of different materials to deform locally
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
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E21–05
without cracking and thus to accommodate a local stress bending stresses may result. Therefore, grips and pull rods
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