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ASTM E2748-12a(2017)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments

Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained from particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods E119.  
4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reported under this guide are useful for general fire research and as potential input data for use in fire models.  
4.3 It is necessary that users of this guide have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119, including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order to understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those specified in Test Methods E119.  
4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted using exposure conditions different than those specified in Test Methods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements.  
4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of different exposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, the data are valid for only the alternative exposure conditions used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests using conditions different than those addressed in Test Methods E119. This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived from those tests.  
1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements comparable to those resulting from tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2016
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.11 - Fire Resistance
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2748 − 12a (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Fire-Resistance Experiments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide provides a means for ensuring comparability of findings among different researchers
conducting fire-resistance experiments employing innovative and creative variations to standard test
methods. This guide is intended to bring uniformity and consistency to tests and reports covering
fire-resistance research that is generally conducted as a variation of Test Methods E119. Its provisions
are voluntary and users are free to pick and choose from the provisions herein provided. The
overriding goal is to make it possible to begin to provide data that ultimately can be used in fire safety
engineering and fire-resistance modeling as those fields evolve. When the purpose of the research is
to study the effect of changing specific individual variables on the outcome of Test Methods E119
fire-resistance tests, sound research practices dictate that only one variable should be changed at a
time.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests
2.1 ASTM Standards:
using conditions different than those addressed in Test Methods E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
E119. This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived
and Materials
from those tests. E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance
E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-
ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or
drocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assem-
regulatory requirements comparable to those resulting from
blies
tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.
2.2 Other Standards:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests – Elements of Building
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Construction – Part 1: General Requirements
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response
NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of
of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
Building Construction and Materials
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
3. Terminology
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Terminology E176.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards the ASTM website.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance. Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
approved in 2010 as E2748–10. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
E2748–12a. DOI: 10.1520/E2748-12AR17. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2748 − 12a (2017)
4. Significance and Use 7. Alternative Pressure Differentials
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate 7.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of
to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained specific furnace pressure differentials.
NOTE 2—There are a number of recognized or published furnace
from particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using
pressure differentials in use in fire test standards around the world.
conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods
E119. 7.2 When a recognized or published furnace pressure dif-
ferential is used, the reference in which the pressure differential
4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reported
is described should be cited and the pressures should be
under this guide are useful for general fire research and as
reported.
potential input data for use in fire models.
7.3 When other pressure differentials are used for explor-
4.3 It is necessary that users of this guide have knowledge
atory research or to replicate actual fire conditions, or for any
and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119,
other reason, they should be described and should be reported.
including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order
to understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those 7.4 Furnace pressure differentials should be measured as
specified in Test Methods E119. described in NFPA 251.
4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted
8. Alternative Test Specimens
using exposure conditions different than those specified in Test
Methods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratings 8.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of
suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory alternative test specimens that are different from the test
requirements. specimens specified in Test Methods E119.
4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are
8.2 Test specimen dimensions, that is, height and width for
subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of
walls, length and width for horizontal specimens, or lengths for
different exposure conditions can change the measured fire-
columns or beams, should be reported and the method used to
test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, the
modify the furnace opening to accommodate the specimen size
data are valid for only the alternative exposure conditions used.
should be reported.
8.3 When test specimens having exposed and unexposed
5. General Principles
surfaces that are not parallel to each other or that are not flat
5.1 Except as specifically modified herein, fire-resistance
(planar) are tested, their maximum and minimum thicknesses,
tests should be conducted using the test furnaces, exposure
and radii, if curved, should be reported.
conditions, test specimens, instrumentation, and acceptance
8.4 When test specimens having one or more designed
criteria set forth in Test Methods E119.
protrusions or indentations (pilasters, alcoves, etc.) either on
5.2 Although it is possible to vary many variables at one
the fire side, the unexposed side, or both, are tested, the size,
time, and it may be desirable to do so when evaluating the
shape, location, and dimensions of each protrusion or indenta-
response of a specimen to specific design fire conditions, it is
tion should be described and reported.
usually desirable to vary only one parameter at a time when
8.5 When test specimens exceeding the depth of the speci-
comparing results from two or more tests or when evaluating
men mounting frame are tested, the method(s) of protecting the
the effect on fire resistance of changing a specific variable.
portion of the test specimen extending beyond the frame should
5.3 Limitations—The test data is valid for only the specimen
be described and reported.
and parameters used in the test.
9. Alternative Instrumentation – Furnace Environment
6. Alternative Time-Temperature Curves
9.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to
6.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of
the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,
alternative time-temperature curves that are different from the
the alternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted
time-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119.
so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.
6.1.1 When the time-temperature curve specified in Test
Methods E119 is used, it should be so stated in the report. 9.2 Furnace Temperature Measurement:
NOTE 1—There are a number of recognized time-temperature curves in
9.2.1 When the furnace control temperature measurement
use in fire-resistance test standards around the world.
method (that is, shielded thermocouples) specified in Test
6.2 When a recognized or published time-temperature curve Methods E119 is used it should be so stated in the report.
is used, the reference in which the curve is described should be 9.2.2 When Directional Flame Thermometers or plate ther-
cited and the time-temperature curve should be reported. mometers are used they should be spaced as described in
9.2.2.1 through 9.2.2.2.
6.3 Fire safety engineering and computer modeling are
methods whereby non-standard time-temperature curves can be
NOTE 3—Directional Flame Thermometers are described in Test Meth-
ods E1529. Specifications for plate thermometers are provided in ISO
derived to represent specific design conditions.
834-1.
6.3.1 When these design fires are used as the basis of a
time-temperature curve, a table or equation representing the 9.2.2.1 There should be nine plate thermometers equally
curve should be reported. distributed across the test specimen surface.
E2748 − 12a (2017)
9.2.2.2 Directional Flame Thermometers and Plate ther- 10. Alternative Instrumentation – Specimen
mometers should be located 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) from the
10.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to
exposed surface of the test specimen at the beginning of the
the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,
test.
the alternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted
9.2.3 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices for
so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.
monitoring the furnace temperature should be described and
10.2 Unexposed Surface Temperature Measurement for
reported.
Walls and Floor/Ceilings:
9.2.4 Any special mounting methods used for plate ther-
10.2.1 When the unexposed surface temperature measure-
mometers or other temperature measuring devices should be
ment methods specified in Test Methods E119 are used, it
described and reported.
should be so stated in the report.
9.2.5 The locations of furnace temperature measuring de-
10.2.2 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices
vices should be reported.
used for monitoring the unexposed surface temperature should
9.3 Heat Flux Measurement:
be described and reported.
10.2.2.1 Any special mounting methods should be described
9.3.1 When heat flux measurements are taken in addition to
and reported.
furnace temperature control measurements, the methods,
instrumentation, and heat flux profile should be described and 10.2.3 The locations of temperature measuring devices
should be reported.
reported.
9.3.1.1 Any special mounting methods should be described
10.3 Heat Flux Off the Unexposed Surface of Walls and
and reported.
Floor/Ceilings:
9.3.2 The locations of heat flux measurement devices
10.3.1 When total heat flux off the unexposed surface is
should be reported.
measured, it should be measured as described in 10.3.1.1
through 10.3.1.3.
9.4 Pressure Measurement:
10.3.1.1 Total heat flux coming off the unexposed surface
9.4.1 When furnace pressures are measured or controlled,
should be measured using a Schmidt-Boetler-type water-
the methods, instrumentation, and pressure differentials should
cooled total heat flux gauge.
be reported.
10.3.1.2 The heat flux gauge should be placed near the
9.4.2 Furnace pressure should be measured using the tube
center of the unexposed surface of the specimen and as close to
sensor described in ISO 834-1 and NFPA 251.
the specimen surface as practical.
9.4.2.1 In a vertical furnace, pressure should be measured at
10.3.1.3 When the test specimen contains a transparent
a minimum of two locations. The measuring locations should
element, an additional heat flux gauge should be placed near
be separated by a minimum of ⁄3 the test specimen height.
the center of the transparent element and as close as practical
9.4.2.2 In a horizontal furnace, pressure should be measured
to the surface of the transparent element.
at a single location a nominal 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) below
10.4 Temperature Profile Through Test Specimens:
the exposed surface of the test specimen at the beginning of the
10.4.1 When the temperature profile of test specimens is
test.
monitored, it should be monitored as described in 10.4.1.1
9.4.3 Any special mounting methods should be described
through 10.4.1.4.
and reported.
10.4.1.1 Temperatures should be measured through the
9.4.4 The locations of pressure measurement devices should
thickness of the test specimen at not less than two locations
be reported.
representative of each major heat-transfer path within the
9.5 Furnace Oxygen Concentration:
specimen.
9.5.1 When furnace oxygen concentration is being 10.4.1.2 The surface temperature on the exposed side
monitored, it should be measured in the furnace stack.
should be measured with a 24-gauge, Type K bare bead
thermocouple placed in contact with the exposed surface of the
9.5.1.1 Oxygen concentration should be measured using a
test specimen.
paramagnetic-type oxygen analyzer.
10.4.1.3 The surface temperature on the unexposed side
9.5.1.2 The sampling probe should be similar to the sam-
should be measured using an optical pyrometer suitable for
pling probe used in duct measurements of hood calorimeters
measuring temperatures on the unexposed side.
described in Guide .
10.4.1.4 Internal temperatures should be measured using
9.5.1.3 Gas samples should be continuously drawn out of
Inconel-sheathed Type K thermocouples with a sheath diam-
the stack through a sampling line.
eter of 0.04 in. (1.0 mm).
9.5.2 The oxygen concentration profile should be reported.
10.5 Gas Temperature Measurement:
9.6 Other Measurement Instrumentation:
10.5.1 When gas temperatures are measured they should be
9.6.1 Additional instrumentation such as load cells, addi-
measured as described in 10.5.1.1 through 10.5.1.3.
tional thermocouples, moisture c
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2748 − 12a E2748 − 12a (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Fire-Resistance Experiments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide provides a means for ensuring comparability of findings among different researchers
conducting fire-resistance experiments employing innovative and creative variations to standard test
methods. This guide is intended to bring uniformity and consistency to tests and reports covering
fire-resistance research that is generally conducted as a variation of Test Methods E119. Its provisions
are voluntary and users are free to pick and choose from the provisions herein provided. The
overriding goal is to make it possible to begin to provide data that ultimately can be used in fire safety
engineering and fire-resistance modeling as those fields evolve. When the purpose of the research is
to study the effect of changing specific individual variables on the outcome of Test Methods E119
fire-resistance tests, sound research practices dictate that only one variable should be changed at a
time.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests using conditions different than those addressed in Test Methods E119.
This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived from those tests.
1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory
requirements comparable to those resulting from tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests – Elements of Building Construction – Part 1: General Requirements
NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2017. Published November 2012February 2017. Originally approved in 2010 as E2748–10. Last previous edition approved
in 2012 as E2748–12.–12a. DOI: 10.1520/E2748-12A.10.1520/E2748-12AR17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2748 − 12a (2017)
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology E176.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained from
particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods E119.
4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reported under this guide are useful for general fire research and as potential input
data for use in fire models.
4.3 It is necessary that users of this guide have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119, including
those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order to understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those specified in
Test Methods E119.
4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted using exposure conditions different than those specified in Test
Methods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory
requirements.
4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of different
exposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, the data are valid for
only the alternative exposure conditions used.
5. General Principles
5.1 Except as specifically modified herein, fire-resistance tests should be conducted using the test furnaces, exposure conditions,
test specimens, instrumentation, and acceptance criteria set forth in Test Methods E119.
5.2 Although it is possible to vary many variables at one time, and it may be desirable to do so when evaluating the response
of a specimen to specific design fire conditions, it is usually desirable to vary only one parameter at a time when comparing results
from two or more tests or when evaluating the effect on fire resistance of changing a specific variable.
5.3 Limitations—The test data is valid for only the specimen and parameters used in the test.
6. Alternative Time-Temperature Curves
6.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of alternative time-temperature curves that are different from the
time-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119.
6.1.1 When the time-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119 is used, it should be so stated in the report.
NOTE 1—There are a number of recognized time-temperature curves in use in fire-resistance test standards around the world.
6.2 When a recognized or published time-temperature curve is used, the reference in which the curve is described should be
cited and the time-temperature curve should be reported.
6.3 Fire safety engineering and computer modeling are methods whereby non-standard time-temperature curves can be derived
to represent specific design conditions.
6.3.1 When these design fires are used as the basis of a time-temperature curve, a table or equation representing the curve should
be reported.
7. Alternative Pressure Differentials
7.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of specific furnace pressure differentials.
NOTE 2—There are a number of recognized or published furnace pressure differentials in use in fire test standards around the world.
7.2 When a recognized or published furnace pressure differential is used, the reference in which the pressure differential is
described should be cited and the pressures should be reported.
7.3 When other pressure differentials are used for exploratory research or to replicate actual fire conditions, or for any other
reason, they should be described and should be reported.
7.4 Furnace pressure differentials should be measured as described in NFPA 251.
8. Alternative Test Specimens
8.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of alternative test specimens that are different from the test specimens
specified in Test Methods E119.
8.2 Test specimen dimensions, that is, height and width for walls, length and width for horizontal specimens, or lengths for
columns or beams, should be reported and the method used to modify the furnace opening to accommodate the specimen size
should be reported.
8.3 When test specimens having exposed and unexposed surfaces that are not parallel to each other or that are not flat (planar)
are tested, their maximum and minimum thicknesses, and radii, if curved, should be reported.
E2748 − 12a (2017)
8.4 When test specimens having one or more designed protrusions or indentations (pilasters, alcoves, etc.) either on the fire side,
the unexposed side, or both, are tested, the size, shape, location, and dimensions of each protrusion or indentation should be
described and reported.
8.5 When test specimens exceeding the depth of the specimen mounting frame are tested, the method(s) of protecting the portion
of the test specimen extending beyond the frame should be described and reported.
9. Alternative Instrumentation – Furnace Environment
9.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119, the
alternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.
9.2 Furnace Temperature Measurement:
9.2.1 When the furnace control temperature measurement method (that is, shielded thermocouples) specified in Test Methods
E119 is used it should be so stated in the report.
9.2.2 When Directional Flame Thermometers or plate thermometers are used they should be spaced as described in 9.2.2.1
through 9.2.2.2.
NOTE 3—Directional Flame Thermometers are described in Test Methods E1529. Specifications for plate thermometers are provided in ISO 834-1.
9.2.2.1 There should be nine plate thermometers equally distributed across the test specimen surface.
9.2.2.2 Directional Flame Thermometers and Plate thermometers should be located 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) from the exposed
surface of the test specimen at the beginning of the test.
9.2.3 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices for monitoring the furnace temperature should be described and reported.
9.2.4 Any special mounting methods used for plate thermometers or other temperature measuring devices should be described
and reported.
9.2.5 The locations of furnace temperature measuring devices should be reported.
9.3 Heat Flux Measurement:
9.3.1 When heat flux measurements are taken in addition to furnace temperature control measurements, the methods,
instrumentation, and heat flux profile should be described and reported.
9.3.1.1 Any special mounting methods should be described and reported.
9.3.2 The locations of heat flux measurement devices should be reported.
9.4 Pressure Measurement:
9.4.1 When furnace pressures are measured or controlled, the methods, instrumentation, and pressure differentials should be
reported.
9.4.2 Furnace pressure should be measured using the tube sensor described in ISO 834-1 and NFPA 251.
9.4.2.1 In a vertical furnace, pressure should be measured at a minimum of two locations. The measuring locations should be
separated by a minimum of ⁄3 the test specimen height.
9.4.2.2 In a horizontal furnace, pressure should be measured at a single location a nominal 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) below
the exposed surface of the test specimen at the beginning of the test.
9.4.3 Any special mounting methods should be described and reported.
9.4.4 The locations of pressure measurement devices should be reported.
9.5 Furnace Oxygen Concentration:
9.5.1 When furnace oxygen concentration is being monitored, it should be measured in the furnace stack.
9.5.1.1 Oxygen concentration should be measured using a paramagnetic-type oxygen analyzer.
9.5.1.2 The sampling probe should be similar to the sampling probe used in duct measurements of hood calorimeters described
in Guide .
9.5.1.3 Gas samples should be continuously drawn out of the stack through a sampling line.
9.5.2 The oxygen concentration profile should be reported.
9.6 Other Measurement Instrumentation:
9.6.1 Additional instrumentation such as load cells, additional thermocouples, moisture content measurement devices, motion
sensors, or other instrumentation not described or specified in Test Methods E119 should be fully described and reported.
10. Alternative Instrumentation – Specimen
10.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119, the
alternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.
10.2 Unexposed Surface Temperature Measurement for Walls and Floor/Ceilings:
10.2.1 When the unexposed surface temperature measurement methods specified in Test Methods E119 are used, it should be
so stated in the report.
E2748 − 12a (2017)
10.2.2 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices used for monitoring the unexposed surface temperature should be
described and reported.
10.2.2.1 Any special mounting methods should be described and reported.
10.2.3 The locations of temperature measuring devices should be reported.
10.3 Heat Flux Off the Unexposed Surface of Walls and Floor/Ceilings:
10.3.1 When total heat flux off the unexposed surface is measured, it should be measured as described in 10.3.1.1 through
10.3.1.3.
10.3.1.1 Total heat flux coming off the unexposed surface should be measured using a Schmidt-Boetler-type water-cooled total
heat flux gauge.
10.3.1.2 The heat flux gauge should be placed near the center of the unexposed surface of the specimen and as close to the
specimen surface as practical.
10.3.1.3 When the test specimen contains a transparent element, an additional heat flux gauge should be placed near the center
of the transparent element and as close as practical to the surface of the transparent element.
10.4 Temperature Profile Through Test Specimens:
10.4.1 When the temperature profile of test specimens is monitored, it should be monitored as described in 10.4.1.1 through
10.4.1.4.
10.4.1.1 Temperatures should be measured through the thickness of the test specimen at not less than two locations
representative of each major heat-transfer path within the specimen.
10.4.1.2 The surface temperature on the exposed side should be measured with a 24-gauge, Type K bare bead thermocouple
placed in contact with the expos
...

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5.1 Building products made with tapes are often used for applications for which Test Method E84 is used for compliance with building, life safety code or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, specimen mounting procedures for tapes.  
5.2 Codes are often silent with regard to testing tapes for the assessment of flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and products.  
5.3 The material shall be representative of the materials used in actual field installations.  
5.4 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for specimen preparation and mounting when testing tapes to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84. Tapes are to be tested in full coverage as applied to fiber cement board as described in Test Method E84.  
1.2 This practice applies to any tape intended for various uses within buildings.  
1.3 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method E84.  
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.5 This practice is not for system evaluation. It is for the comparison of the materials only.  
1.6 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.  
1.7 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 9.  
1.10 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2579-23b(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood Products to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The surface burning characteristics of wood products are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems.  
5.2 If it can be demonstrated that none of the methods described in this practice are applicable to a particular wood product, other mounting methods shall be permitted to be used. This information shall be included in the report.  
5.3 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing wood products to assess flames spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84 or Test Method E2768.  
1.1.1 Test Method E2768 uses the same test equipment as Test Method E84.  
1.2 This practice applies also to laminated products factory-produced with a wood substrate (see 8.6). This practice does not apply to wood veneers or facings intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate, which are covered by Practice E2404.  
1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84 or with Test Method E2768.  
1.4 Testing for the reporting of the moisture content of the test specimen is conducted with Test Methods D4442.  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 Units—Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.  
1.7 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory materials. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84, or in Test Method E2768, as appropriate. See also Section 10.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1725-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System Components

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These fire-test-response test methods evaluate, under the specified test conditions, the ability of a fire-resistive barrier system to inhibit thermal transmission to the electrical system component within.  
4.2 In these procedures, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from these test methods to predict changes in the fire test response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in these procedures.  
4.3 These test methods provide a measurement of the transmission of heat to the electrical system components within the barrier system.  
4.4 These test methods provide qualification of a fireresistive barrier system as one element of an electrical system designed to maintain continuous operation of critical functions and processes for a specific fire resistance rating.  
4.4.1 In addition to the temperature data provided by these test methods, numerous other factors, such as referenced in 1.4 shall be considered in specifying such a system.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover fire-test-response.  
1.2 These fire-test-response test methods provide information on the temperatures recorded on the electrical system component within a fire-resistive barrier system during the period of exposure.  
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 Potentially important factors and fire characteristics not addressed by these test methods include, but are not limited to:  
1.4.1 The performance of the fire-resistive barrier system constructed with components other than those tested.  
1.4.2 An evaluation of the functionality of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.  
1.4.3 An evaluation of the ampacity of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.  
1.4.4 An evaluation of the smoke, toxic gases, corrosivity, or other products of heating.  
1.4.5 A measurement of the flame spread characteristics over the surface of the fire-resistive barrier system.  
1.4.6 An evaluation of through-penetration sealing methods.
Note 1: Refer to Test Method E814 for testing of firestop systems.  
1.4.7 Combustibility of materials in the fire-resistive barrier system or of the electrical system components.  
1.4.8 The need for supports beyond those normally required.  
1.4.9 Environmental conditions in the area of service.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2748-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained from particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods E119.  
4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reported under this guide are useful for general fire research and as potential input data for use in fire models.  
4.3 It is necessary that users of this guide have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119, including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order to understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those specified in Test Methods E119.  
4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted using exposure conditions different than those specified in Test Methods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements.  
4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of different exposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, the data are valid for only the alternative exposure conditions used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests using conditions different than those addressed in Test Methods E119. This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived from those tests.  
1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements comparable to those resulting from tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1590-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a test specimen, mattress or mattress with foundation. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions and limitations.  
5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released, or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, which are important to making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: (1) as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and (2) to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however, fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. The test method is thus applicable to mattresses in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old age convalescent and board and care homes, and college dormitories and residence halls.  
5.6 One ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means of determining the burning behavior of mattresses used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire test responses when the test specimen, a mattress or mattress with foundation, is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This is a test method for mattresses or mattresses with foundations.  
1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behavior, following application of a specific ignition source, from ignition until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.5 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of mattresses under fire conditions other than those specified in this test method. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See 5.12 for further information.  
1.6 The rate of heat release of burning test specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.12.4 for further information.  
1.7 Other measurements are the production of light-obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases. See 5.12.5 for further information.  
1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photographic or video recordings.  
1.9 Units—Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.12 This stan...

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ASTM
ASTM E3048-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Time to Burn-Through Using the Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) Radiant Panel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.6 This method can also be used for research and development of various material types to be included in larger-scale fire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).  
5.7 Test Limitations:  
5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of heat flux with an external igniter.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability and time to burn-through of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Heat, smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scope of this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.  
1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that described in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described (Burner A and Burner B).  
1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux up to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen.  
1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.  
1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.  
1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2965-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.  
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.  
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.  
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.  
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applic...

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ASTM
ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1537-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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