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ASTM C273/C273M-07a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials

Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The core shear properties are fundamental properties that are used in the design of sandwich panels. This test method provides information on the force-deflection behavior of sandwich constructions or cores when loaded in shear parallel to the plane of the facings. From a complete force-deflection curve, it is possible to compute core shear stress at any force (such as the shear stress at proportional limit, at yield, or at maximum force) and to compute an effective core shear modulus.
The test does not produce pure shear, but the specimen length is prescribed so that secondary stresses have a minimum effect. Approximate shear properties can also be obtained from a sandwich flexure test (see Test Method C 393).
This test method provides a standard method of obtaining sandwich core shear data for material specifications, sandwich panel design, research and development applications, and quality assurance.
Factors that influence core shear strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: facing material, core material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, core geometry (density, cell size, orientation, etc.), adhesive thickness, specimen geometry and associated measurement accuracy, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, speed of testing, and adhesive void content. Further, core-to-facing strength may be different between precured/bonded and co-cured facings in sandwich panels with the same core and facing material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear properties of sandwich construction core materials associated with shear distortion of planes parallel to the facings. It covers the determination of shear strength parallel to the plane of the sandwich, and the shear modulus associated with strains in a plane normal to the facings. The test may be conducted on core materials bonded directly to the loading plates or the sandwich facings bonded to the plates. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2007
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.09 - Sandwich Construction
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C273/C273M-07 - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Replaced By
ASTM C273/C273M-11 - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials
Effective Date
15-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1974-19 - Standard Specification for Shelter, Electrical Equipment S-250/G
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1749-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Rigid Wall Relocatable Shelters
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7446-09(2017) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) Adhesives for Laminating Oriented Strand Board (OSB) to Rigid Cellular Polystryene Thermal Insulation Core Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1730-19 - Standard Specification for Rigid Foam for Use in Structural Sandwich Panel Cores
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1975-22 - Standard Specification for Shelter, Electrical, Equipment S-280/G
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM C394/C394M-16 - Standard Test Method for Shear Fatigue of Sandwich Core Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7249/D7249M-20 - Standard Test Method for Facesheet Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007

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ASTM C273/C273M-07a - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core MaterialsASTM C273/C273M-07a - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials
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ASTM C273/C273M-07a - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C273/C273M–07a
Standard Test Method for
1
Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C273/C273M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
properties of sandwich construction core materials associated
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
with shear distortion of planes parallel to the facings. It covers
Resins
the determination of shear strength parallel to the plane of the
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
sandwich, and the shear modulus associated with strains in a
tics
plane normal to the facings.The test may be conducted on core
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
materials bonded directly to the loading plates or the sandwich
Materials
facings bonded to the plates. Permissible core material forms
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
surfaces (such as honeycomb).
trix Composite Materials
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
tion
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
D5961/D5961M Test Method for Bearing Response of
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
standard.
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of a Lot or Process
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ASTM Test Methods
2. Referenced Documents
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
2
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
C271/C271M Test Method for Density of Sandwich Core
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
Materials
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
C393 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Sandwich
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
Constructions
3. Terminology
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
Sandwich Construction.
C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originally
tions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics.
approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C273 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/C0273_C0273M-07A.
Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C273/C273M–07a
3.2 Symbols: core-to-facing strength may be different between precured/
b = width of specimen bonded
...

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5.1 It is well known that the prepreg impregnation level affects handling characteristics, tack and drape, and final part quality. Resin impregnation level is the dominant factor in the ability of removing air and volatiles from the layup during processing. Partially impregnated prepreg materials can in some applications provide higher quality, lower void content composite parts, and are becoming increasingly more common due to the desire to cure out-of-autoclave, using vacuum bag-only processes. This test can identify small changes in the material impregnation level which can assist in definition of production processes or shipping and handling procedures. The value of permeability can be used for specifying ranges as acceptance requirements for prepreg materials, thus enabling the prepreg manufacturer and user greater confidence in the ability to produce repeatable and high quality parts. This test directly determines the actual air flow propensity of the material tested without any applied compaction pressure during testing.  
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This test method covers the bearing response of pinned or fastened joints using multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by double-shear tensile loading (Procedure A), single-shear tensile or compressive loading of a two-piece specimen (Procedure B), single-shear tensile loading of a one-piece specimen (Procedure C), or double-shear compressive loading (Procedure D). Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. However, when fully documented in the test report, a number of test parameters may be optionally varied. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
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5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions that allow Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made using sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a sandwich panel is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 Sandwich damage resistance testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effects of facing geometry, facing stacking sequence, facing-to-core interface, core geometry (cell size, cell wall thickness, core thickness, etc.), core density, core strength, processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular sandwich panel to a concentrated quasi-static indentation force, drop-weight impact force, or impact energy.  
5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for sandwich constructions with different facing, core or adhesive materials. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and location(s), indentation or impact force magnitudes, impact energy magnitudes, as well as the force versus time curve.  
5.2.3 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D8287/D8287M and Practice D8388/D8388M.  
5.2.4 Quasi-static indentation tests can also be used to identify a specific sequence of damage events (only the final damage state is identifiable after a drop-weight impact test).  
5.3 The properties obtained using these practices can provide guidance in regard to the anticipated damage resistance capability of sandwich structures with similar materials, geometry, stacking sequence, and so forth. However, it must be understood that the damage resistance of a sandwich structu...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying laminate quasi-static indentation and drop-weight impact test methods to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb, truss cores and fiber-reinforced cores).  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) with provisions for testing sandwich specimens. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facing thickness, core thickness and core density) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 Three test procedures are provided. Procedures A and B correspond to D6264/D6264M test procedures for rigidlybacked and edge-supported test conditions, respectively. Procedure C corresponds to D7136/D7136M test procedures. All three procedures are suitable for imparting damage to a sandwich specimen in preparation for subsequent damage tolerance testing in accordance with Test Method D8287/D8287M (compressive loading) and Practice D8388/D8388M (flexural loading).  
1.4 In general, Procedure A is considered to be the most suitable procedure for comparative damage resistance assessments, due to reduced influence of flexural stiffness and support fixture characteristics upon damage formation. However, the selection of a test procedure and associated support conditions should be done in consideration of the intended structural application, and as such Procedures B and C may be more appropriate for comparative purposes for some applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not ...

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