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ASTM D7956/D7956M-14

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Fixture Specimen

Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Fixture Specimen

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a standard method of testing damaged composite laminates which are too thin to be tested using typical anti-buckling fixtures, such as those used in Test Method D7137/D7137M. The laminate is first impacted or indented in order to produce a damage state representative of actual monolithic solid laminate structure. Impacting or static indentation is not performed on an assembled sandwich panel, as the damage state is altered by energy absorption in the core and by support of the core during the impact or indentation event. After damaging, the laminate is bonded onto the core with the impacted or indentation side of the laminate against the core, and with a localized un-bonded area encompassing the damage site. Fig. 1 illustrates the adhesive removal to avoid the damaged area and the assembly of the sandwich specimen with the impacted damaged laminate flipped over from the impacting or indentation orientation. The final assembled sandwich specimen is then tested using a long beam flexure setup with the damaged laminate being on the compression side. The sandwich panel configuration is used as a form of anti-buckling support for the thin damaged laminate.  
5.2 Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made of advanced composite laminates. Knowledge of the damage resistance and damage tolerance properties of a laminated composite plate is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.3 The residual strength data obtained using this test method is used in research and development activities as well as for design allowables; however the results are specific to the geometry and physical conditions tested and are generally not scalable to other configurations.  
5.4 The properties obtained using this test method can provide guidance in regard to the anticipated damage tolerance capability of composite structures of similar material, thickness, stacking sequ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an approach for compressive testing thin damaged multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a sandwich long beam flexure specimen. It provides a test configuration in which the core does not constrain any protruding back side damage. It is limited to testing of monolithic solid laminates which are too thin to be tested using typical anti-buckling fixtures. It does not cover compressive testing of damaged sandwich panel facings. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2014
ICS
83.140.20 - Laminated sheets
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.09 - Sandwich Construction
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7956/D7956M-16 - Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Flexure Specimen
Effective Date
01-Sep-2016
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Aug-2014

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ASTM D7956/D7956M-14 - Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Fixture SpecimenASTM D7956/D7956M-14 - Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Fixture Specimen
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ASTM D7956/D7956M-14 - Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Fixture Specimen
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7956/D7956M − 14
StandardPractice for
Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a
1
Sandwich Long Beam Fixture Specimen
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7956/D7956M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3410 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer
Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Sec-
1.1 This practice covers an approach for compressive test-
tion by Shear Loading
ing thin damaged multidirectional polymer matrix composite
D6264/D6264M Test Method for Measuring the Damage
laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a sandwich
Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Com-
long beam flexure specimen. It provides a test configuration in
posite to a Concentrated Quasi-Static Indentation Force
which the core does not constrain any protruding back side
D7136/D7136M Test Method for Measuring the Damage
damage. It is limited to testing of monolithic solid laminates
Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Com-
which are too thin to be tested using typical anti-buckling
posite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
fixtures. It does not cover compressive testing of damaged
D7137/D7137M Test Method for Compressive Residual
sandwich panel facings. The composite material forms are
StrengthPropertiesofDamagedPolymerMatrixCompos-
limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or
ite Plates
fabric, or both) reinforced composites in which the laminate is
D7249/D7249M Test Method for Facing Properties of Sand-
balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction
wich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
Lot or Process
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
with the standard.
ASTM Test Methods
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
brackets.
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
2. Referenced Documents to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
2 C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics.
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
1
4. Summary of Practice
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
4.1 This practice consists of fabricating a composite
Sandwich Construction.
laminate, damaging the laminate using either Test Method
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. DOI:
10.1520/D7956_D7956M-14.
D6264/D6264M or Test Method D7136/D7136M, bonding the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
impacted or indented side of the laminate onto core and a back
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
side facing to form a sandwich panel, and testing the damaged
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. laminate in compression using Test Method D7249/D7249M.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7956/D7956M − 14
5. Significance and Use 5.3 The residual
...

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1.2 This test method presents two procedures where each defines a different test control parameter.  
1.2.1 Procedure A—A system in which the test control parameter is the load (stress) and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude load cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using either engineering stress or applied load as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
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4.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of standards for polymer matrix composite materials. It specifically summarizes the application of standards from ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials that apply to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials. For reference and comparison, many commonly used or applicable ASTM standards from other ASTM Committees are also included.
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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial high bypass - low bearing interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a two-fastener hard point joint specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for this procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1. This test method was previously published under Test Method D7248/D7248M-17 Procedure C.  
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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) tape composites, textile composites, as well as multidirectional composite laminates, can be tested.  
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Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam strength to any one material property. However, failures are normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence  (4).  
5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can be used for quality control and process specification purposes. It can also be used for comparative testing of composite materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same mode (5) .  
5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the range specified in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].
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1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in three-point bending.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5449/D5449M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:  
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ22uc,  
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1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
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1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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ASTM D5450/D5450M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength,    
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure,    
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity,  E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's Ratio,  υ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1922/E1922M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Translaminar Fracture Toughness of Laminated and Pultruded Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameter KTL  determined by this test method is a measure of the resistance of a polymer matrix composite laminate to notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth under opening mode loading. The result is valid only for conditions in which the damage zone at the notch tip is small compared with the notch length and the in-plane specimen dimensions. Alternately, for materials exhibiting distributed damage in a larger volume, observed force-displacement and discrete damage events are still valid structural responses for certain specific engineering applications.  
5.2 This test method can serve the following purposes. In research and development, (a) KTL data can quantitatively establish the effects of fiber and matrix variables and stacking sequence of the laminate on the translaminar fracture resistance of composite laminates; and (b) quantified distributed damage measurements can be used to validate progressive composite damage models. In structural design, KTL data can, within the constraints of the specimen geometry and loading, be used to assess composite laminate resistance to damage growth from edge flaws and notches.  
5.3 The translaminar fracture toughness,  KTL, as well as distributed damage observations, determined by this test method may be a function of the testing speed and temperature. This test method is intended for room temperature and quasi-static conditions, but it can apply to other test conditions provided that the requirements of 13.2 and 13.3 are met. Application of KTL in the design of service components should be made with awareness that the test parameters specified by this test may differ from service conditions, possibly resulting in a different material response than that seen in service. Distributed damage observations are also limited to the material and geometry tested, but may be more generally applied to a variety of structural analysis validation applications.  
5.4 Not all types of laminated polymer matrix...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of translaminar fracture toughness, KTL, for laminated, molded, or pultruded polymer matrix composite materials of various fiber orientations using test results from monotonically loaded notched specimens. If the material response is such that the KTL calculation is not valid, alternate reporting methods are provided.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to room temperature laboratory air environments.  
1.3 Composite materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by type of polymer matrix or fiber, provided that the specimen sizes and the test results meet the requirements of this test method. This test method was developed primarily from test results of various carbon fiber – epoxy matrix laminates and from additional results of glass fiber – epoxy matrix, glass fiber-polyester matrix pultrusions and carbon fiber – bismaleimide matrix laminates (1-4, 5, 6).2  
1.4 A range of eccentrically loaded, single-edge-notch tension, ESE(T), specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but planar size may be variable and adjusted, with associated changes in the applied test load. Specimen thickness is a variable, independent of planar size.  
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used. It is particularly important that the requirements discussed in 5.1 and 5.4 regarding contained notch-tip damage be met when using alternative specimen configurations in conjunction with the KTL calculation.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown ...

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