iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E1451-98

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Disposal of Wastes Containing Silicon Carbide Whiskers and Fibers (Withdrawn 2007)

Standard Guide for Disposal of Wastes Containing Silicon Carbide Whiskers and Fibers (Withdrawn 2007)

SCOPE
1.1 This standard offers a guide for safe disposal of wastes of unbound silicon carbide whiskers and fibers and wastes containing 1.0% by weight or greater of unbound silicon carbide whiskers and fibers, which could become airborne during disposal operations or uncontrolled releases of materials during disposal operations. Silicon carbide whiskers are not naturally occurring, and such waste could only be generated during the manufacture of silicon carbide whiskers or their composites.
1.2 If the waste stream contains or is mixed with other constituents that are considered hazardous waste by area federal, state, or local regulations, the disposal requirements are more stringent or require different handling precautions, or both, than those described in this guide. Information specific to these hazardous constituents should be included in each generator's characterization of the waste so that it can be properly managed as a hazardous waste.
1.3 Application of this document must be in accordance with federal, state, county, and local solid waste regulations, or other authorities having such jurisdiction.
1.4 Applicable information may be obtained from the Material Safety Data Sheet(s) (MSDS) for the waste stream constituent(s).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covered a disposal of wastes of unbound respirable silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers and wastes containing 1.0 % by weight or greater of unbound respirable silicon carbide whiskers, which could become airborne during disposal operations or uncontrolled releases of materials during disposal operations.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety, this guide was withdrawn in 2007 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Apr-1998
Withdrawal Date
12-Feb-2007
ICS
13.030.30 - Special wastes
Technical Committee
E34 - Occupational Health and Safety
Current Stage
Ref Project

Buy Standard

ASTM E1451-98 - Standard Guide for Disposal of Wastes Containing Silicon Carbide Whiskers and Fibers (Withdrawn 2007)ASTM E1451-98 - Standard Guide for Disposal of Wastes Containing Silicon Carbide Whiskers and Fibers (Withdrawn 2007)
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM E1451-98 - Standard Guide for Disposal of Wastes Containing Silicon Carbide Whiskers and Fibers (Withdrawn 2007)
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1451–98
Standard Guide for
Disposal of Wastes Containing Respirable Silicon Carbide
Whiskers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-
dard:
1.1 This guide covers a disposal of wastes of unbound
ANSI Z88.2 – 1992, Respiratory Protection
respirablesiliconcarbide(SiC)whiskersandwastescontaining
2.3 U.S. Government Standard:
1.0 % by weight or greater of unbound respirable silicon
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
carbide whiskers which could become airborne during disposal
29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.134, Respi-
operationsoruncontrolledreleasesofmaterialsduringdisposal
ratory Protection
operations.
1.2 If the waste stream contains or is mixed with other
3. Terminology
constituents that are considered hazardous waste by area
3.1 Definitions:
federal, state, local, or other regulations, the disposal require-
3.1.1 aspect ratio, n—ratio of whisker length to whisker
ments may be more stringent or require different handling
diameter.
precautions, or both, than those recommended in this guide.
3.1.2 respirable silicon carbide whiskers, n—a crystalline
Information specific to any hazardous constituents should be
silicon carbide fiber, approximately cylindrical in shape, with a
included in each generator’s characterization of the waste so
diameter less than 3.0 µm and an aspect ratio equal or greater
that it can be properly classified and managed.
than 5:1.
1.3 Application of these recommendations must be in ac-
3.1.3 unbound silicon carbide whiskers, n—whiskers with
cordance with federal, state, local, or other solid waste regu-
the potential to become airborne.
lations.
1.4 Applicable information may be obtained from the Ma-
4. Significance and Use
terial Safety Data Sheet(s) (MSDS) for the waste stream
4.1 Industrial solid wastes containing more than 1 % by
constituent(s).
weight of unbound respirable SiC whiskers will typically be
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
generated by manufacturing operations which produce whis-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
kers or handle powders containing respirable whiskers. Such
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
wastes could also be generated by operations which (re)finish
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
articles containing SiC whiskers. These wastes must be dis-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
posed in a manner that prevents respirable SiC whisker
2. Referenced Documents exposure above the exposure limits of Practice E 1437.
2 4.2 This guide should be used in preparing comprehensive
2.1 ASTM Standards:
solid waste handling procedures for implementation by waste
E 1437 Practice for Handling Respirable Silicon Carbide
generators, waster haulers, and landfill operators.
Whiskers
5. Guidelines—Waste Generators
5.1 Waste containing respirable silicon carbide whiskers is
not currently regulated by the Environmental Protection
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E-34 on Occupational
Agency as a hazardous waste unless the waste contains
Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.70 on Single
regulated waste.
Crystal Ceramic Whiskers.
Current edition approved Apr. 10, 1998. Published June 1998. Originally
published as E 1451 – 93. Last previous edition E 1451 – 93.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1451–98
5.2 The waste generator should ascertain the percent by 7.3 The waste should:
weight of unbound respirable SiC whiskers in the waste 7.3.1 Be covered by the end of the workday with 3 ft of
stream. If the waste stream has greater than 1 % by weight of refuse, 6 in. of soil or equivalent alternative cover that will
respirable SiC whiskers, the wastes should be handled in reduce risk of fiber release, and
accordance with this guide such that exposure beyond the 7.3.2 Not be compacted while being covered.
limits of Practice E 1437 cannot occur. 7.4 Silicon carbide whisker waste must not be used as a fill
5.3 The disposal container must be of sufficient integrity or for any purpose that can
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C1109-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used to determine concentrations of elements leached from nuclear waste materials (glasses, ceramics, cements) using an aqueous leachant. If the nuclear waste material is radioactive, a suitably contained and shielded ICP-AES spectrometer system with a filtered exit-gas system must be used, but no other changes in the practice are required. The leachant may be deionized water or any aqueous solution containing less than 1 % total solids.  
5.2 This practice as written is for the analysis of solutions containing 1 % nitric acid. It can be modified to specify the use of the same or another mineral acid at the same or higher concentration. In such cases, the only change needed in this practice is to substitute the preferred acid and concentration value whenever 1 % nitric acid appears here. It is important that the acid type and content of the reference and check solutions closely match the leachate solutions to be analyzed.  
5.3 This practice can be used to analyze leachates from static leach testing of waste forms using Test Method C1220.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is applicable to the determination of low concentration and trace elements in aqueous leachate solutions produced by the leaching of nuclear waste materials, using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).  
1.2 The nuclear waste material may be a simulated (non-radioactive) solid waste form or an actual solid radioactive waste material.  
1.3 The leachate may be deionized water or any natural or simulated leachate solution containing less than 1 % total dissolved solids.  
1.4 This practice should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-AES, the interpretation of spectral and non-spectral interferences, and procedures for their correction.  
1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-AES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.6 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5928-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Screening of Waste for Radioactivity

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most facilities disposing or using waste materials are prohibited from handling wastes that contain radioactive materials. This practice provides the user a rapid method for screening waste material for the presence or absence of radioactivity at user-established levels that consider background radiation and the intended use of the screening method. It is important to these facilities to be able to verify generator-supplied information in regard to radiation and to meet worker health and safety needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the screening for α–, β–, and γ radiation above ambient background levels or user-defined criteria, or both, in liquid, sludge, or solid waste materials.  
1.2 This practice is intended to be a gross screening method for determining the presence or absence of radioactive materials in liquid, sludge, or solid waste materials. It is not intended to replace more sophisticated quantitative analytical techniques, but to provide a method for rapidly screening samples for radioactivity above ambient background levels or user-defined criteria, or both, for facilities prohibited from handling radioactive waste.  
1.3 This practice may or may not be suitable for applications such as site assessments and remediation activities, depending on the data quality objectives or intended use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5839-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Trace Element Analysis of Hazardous Waste Fuel by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The analysis of trace elements is often a regulatory and process-specific requirement for facilities utilizing LHWF. With proper instrument standardization, set-up, and quality control, this test method provides the user an accurate, rapid, nondestructive method for trace element determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method applies to the determination of trace element concentrations by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry in typical liquid hazardous waste fuels (LHWF) used by industrial furnaces.  
1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of LHWF that are mixtures of solvents, oils, paints, and pigments for the determination of the following elements: Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl.  
1.3 This test method also may be applicable to elements not listed above and to the analysis of trace metals in organic liquids other than those used as LHWF.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1368-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abatement Projects

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice applies to response actions for all types of asbestos-containing materials, including surfacing materials, thermal systems insulation, and miscellaneous materials, whether friable or not, regardless of the quantities involved and the reason for conducting the response action.  
5.1.1 Abatement for the purpose of removing asbestos-containing materials or encapsulating or enclosing them, regardless of the engineering controls and work practices used, requires performance of visual inspections as described in this practice.  
5.1.2 Operations and maintenance (O&M) activities, such as removal, encapsulation, or enclosure of asbestos-containing materials incidental to repair or replacement of a component, clean-up of debris from a fiber release episode, or other preventive measures, require the performance of visual inspections as described in this practice. See Managing Asbestos in Place7 and Guidance Manual.  
5.1.3 This practice applies to response actions performed under a contract from the building owner, as well as to work performed by the building owner's staff.  
5.2 The specific objectives of the visual inspection process before, during, and at the conclusion of an asbestos abatement project are: to review the extent of asbestos-containing material (ACM) within the scope of work, to monitor performance of the work, and to verify if visible residue, dust or debris, or unremoved material are absent at the completion of removal and clean-up activities.  
5.2.1 The visual inspection process is used to evaluate all four aspects of an asbestos abatement project as follows:
5.2.1.1 Extent of ACM within Scope of Work—The building survey which is intended to locate and quantify asbestos-containing materials is not properly called a “visual inspection” within the context of this practice. To define the extent of ACM involved, a building survey is a necessary prelude to the first step of the visual inspection process. The building survey, which ma...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for performing visual inspections of asbestos response actions to:  
1.1.1 Establish the extent of the required work before it begins;  
1.1.2 Determine the progress and quality of the work and evaluate the completeness of the response action; and  
1.1.3 Evaluate the cleanliness of the work area prior to final air testing for clearance (if performed), and subsequent to dismantling of critical barriers.  
1.2 This practice can be used on an abatement project, or for operations and maintenance (O&M) work, performed by the building owner's staff. It can also be used in conjunction with contract documents between the building owner and other parties involved in an abatement project.
Note 1: Standard contract documents (such as AIA and EJCDC documents) define contractual relationships and responsibilities for projects within the construction industry. Asbestos abatement projects differ from traditional construction projects in the manner of their design and execution, as well as in the type and level of oversight required to substantiate their successful completion. Non-traditional responsibilities are given to the building owner, project designer, and abatement contractor by this practice. Furthermore, responsibilities related to project oversight, inspections, and approvals are placed upon an additional non-traditional representative of the building owner; the project monitor, as defined by this practice. All parties are cautioned that the subject authorities and corresponding responsibilities be understood, mutually agreed upon, and correspondingly addressed with appropriate modifications, if necessary, to the contract documents for a specific project.  
1.3 This practice provides the following information:  
1.3.1 The objectives of the visual inspection process;  
1.3.2 The responsibilities and qualifications of the individuals involved in the visual inspections;  
1.3.3 The...

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F1737/F1737M-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment During Spill Response: Boom and Nozzle Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide provides information, procedures, and requirements for management and operation of dispersant spray application equipment (boom and nozzle systems) in oil spill response.  
3.2 This guide provides information on requirements for storage and maintenance of dispersant spray equipment and associated materials.  
3.3 This guide will aid operators in ensuring that a dispersant spray operation is carried out in an effective manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers considerations for the maintenance, storage, and use of oil spill dispersant application systems.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to spray systems employing booms and nozzles and not to other systems such as fire monitors or single-point spray systems.  
1.3 This guide is applicable to systems employed on ships or boats and helicopters or airplanes.  
1.4 This guide is applicable to temperate weather conditions and may not be applicable to freezing conditions.  
1.5 This guide is one of five related to dispersant application systems. Guide F1413/F1413M covers design, Practice F1460/F1460M covers calibration, Test Method F1738 covers deposition, Guide F1737 covers the use of the systems, and Guide F2465/F2465M covers the design and specification for single-point spray systems. Familiarity with all five standards is recommended.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5530-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Moisture of Hazardous Waste Fuel by Karl Fischer Titrimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of total moisture is important for assessing the fuel quality. Water content will affect the heating value of fuels directly and can contribute to instability in the operation of an industrial furnace or adversely impact performance in other applications. Additionally, high water content can present material handling and storage problems during winter months or in cold environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by Karl Fischer (KF) titrimetry of total moisture in solid or liquid hazardous waste fuels used by industrial furnaces.  
1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of hazardous waste fuel composed of solvents, spent oils, inks, paints, and pigments. The range of applicability for this test method is between 1.0 and 100 %; however, this evaluation was limited to samples containing approximately 5 to 50 % water.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5830-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Solvents Analysis in Hazardous Waste Using Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in identifying the common solvent constituents in hazardous waste samples. This test method is designed to support field or site assessments, recycling operations, plant operations, or pollution control programs.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of the following compounds in waste samples using gas chromatography. This test method is intended for use as a screening method with a typical reporting level of 0.1 %.    
Dichodifluoromethane  
Tetrahydrofuran  
Trichlorofluoromethane  
Acetone  
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
trifluoroethane  
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MIBK  
Methanol  
Cyclohexanone  
Ethanol  
Ethyl Acetate  
Isopropanol  
Propyl Acetate  
n-Propanol  
Butyl Acetate  
Isobutanol  
Benzene  
n-Butanol  
Toluene  
tert-Butanol  
Ethylbenzene  
Methylene Chloride  
Xylenes  
Chloroform  
Styrene  
Carbon Tetrachloride  
Chlorobenzene  
1,1-Dichloroethane  
Dichlorobenzenes  
1,2-Dichloroethane  
Nitrobenzene  
1,2-Dichloropropane  
Fluorobenzene  
1,1-Dichloroethylene  
n-Propyl Benzene    
1,2-Dichloroethene  
Isopropyl Benzene  
1,1,1-Trichloroethane  
Isobutyl Benzene  
Tetrachloroethylene  
n-Butyl Benzene    
Trichloroethylene  
2-Ethoxyethanol  
Tetrachloroethane  
2-Butoxyethanol  
Cyclopentane  
2-Ethoxyethanol Acetate  
Pentane  
2-Methoxyethanol  
Hexane  
Bromoform  
Heptane  
Carbitol  
Cyclohexane  
Ethyl Ether  
Isooctane  
1,4-Dioxane  
Nitropropane  
Diacetone Alcohol  
Ethanolamine  
Acetonitrile  
Nitromethane  
Pyridine  
Ethylene Chloride  
Toluidine  
Benzyl Chloride  
Ethylene Glycol  
Propylene Glycol  
1.1.1 This compound list is a compilation of hazardous solvents and other constituents that are commonly seen in hazardous waste samples.  
1.2 The scope of this test method may be expanded to include other volatile and semivolatile organic constituents such as but not limited to those described below, provided the intended use data quality objectives including sampling, recovery, and analytic data quality are demonstrated as satisfied by the user.  
1.2.1 Hydrocarbon mixtures such as kerosene and mineral spirits.  
1.2.2 High-boiling organics, defined here as compounds which boil above n-Hexadecane.  
1.2.3 Other organics that the analyst is able to identify, either through retention time data or gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6160-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Waste Materials by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides sufficient PCB data for many regulatory requirements. While the most common regulatory level is 50 ppm (dry weight corrected), lower limits are used in some locations. Since sensitivities will vary for different types of samples, one shall demonstrate a sufficient method detection limit for the matrix of interest.  
5.2 This test method differs from Test Method D4059 in that it provides for more sample clean-up options, utilizes a capillary column for better pattern recognition and interference discrimination, and includes both a qualitative screening and a quantitative results option.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers a two-tiered analytical approach to PCB screening and quantitation of liquid and solid wastes, such as oils, sludges, aqueous solutions, and other waste matrices.  
1.2 Tier I is designed to screen samples rapidly for the presence of PCBs.  
1.3 Tier II is used to determine the concentration of PCBs, typically in the range of from 2 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. PCB concentrations greater than 50 mg/kg are determined through analysis of sample dilutions.  
1.4 This is a pattern recognition approach, which does not take into account individual congeners that might occur, such as in reaction by-products. This test method describes the use of Aroclors3 1016, 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262, and 1268, as reference standards, but others could also be included. Aroclors 1016 and 1242 have similar capillary gas chromatography (GC) patterns. Interferences or weathering are especially problematic with Aroclors 1016, 1232, and 1242 and may make distinction between the three difficult.  
1.5 This test method provides sample clean up and instrumental conditions necessary for the determination of Aroclors. Gas chromatography (GC) using capillary column separation technique and electron capture detector (ECD) are described. Other detectors, such as atomic emission detector (AED) and mass spectrometry (MS), may be used if sufficient performance (for example, sensitivity) is demonstrated. Further details about the use of GC and ECD are provided in Practices E355, E697, and E1510.  
1.6 Quantitative results are reported on the dry weights of waste samples.  
1.7 Quantification limits will vary depending on the type of waste stream being analyzed.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    15 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6232-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection Activities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQOs, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D4687, D5730, D6009, D6051, and Practice D5283), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.  
5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.  
5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below:  
5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,  
5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and  
5.3.3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.  
5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous, such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists, or materials from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.  
5.5 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring, augering, passive, and vapor sampling devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not specifically address the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D4411 for more information.  
1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.  
1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an index.  
1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. ...

  • Guide
    44 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    44 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1682-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Characterization of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Support of Interim Storage, Transportation and Geologic Repository Disposal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In order to demonstrate conformance to regulatory requirements and support the post-closure repository performance assessment information is required about the attributes, characteristics, and behavior of the SNF. These properties of the SNF in turn support the transport, interim storage, and repository pre-closure safety analyses, and repository post-closure performance assessment. In the United States, the interim dry storage of commercial LWR SNF is regulated per the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 72, which requires that the cladding must not sustain during the interim storage period any “gross” damage sufficient to release fuel from the cladding into the container environment. In other countries, the appropriate governing body will set regulations regarding interim dry storage of commercial LWR SNF. However, cladding damage insufficient to allow the release of fuel during the interim storage period may still occur in the form of small cracks or pinholes that can develop into much larger defects. These cracks/pinholes could be sufficient to classify the fuel as “failed fuel” or “breached fuel” per the definitions given in Section 3 for repository disposal purposes, because they could allow contact of water vapor or liquid with the spent fuel matrix and thus provide a pathway for radionuclide release from the waste form. Therefore SNF characterization should be adequate to determine the amount of “failed fuel” for either usage as required. This could involve the examination of reactor operating records, ultrasonic testing, sipping, and analysis of the residual water and drying kinetics of the spent fuel assemblies or canisters.  
5.2 Regulations in each country may contain constraints and limitations on the chemical or physical (or both) properties and long-term degradation behavior of the spent fuel and HLW in the repository. Evaluating the design and performance of the waste form (WF), waste packaging (WP), and the rest of the engineered barrie...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance for the types and extent of testing that would be involved in characterizing the physical and chemical nature of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in support of its interim storage, transport, and disposal in a geologic repository. This guide applies primarily to commercial light water reactor (LWR) spent fuel and spent fuel from weapons production, although the individual tests/analyses may be used as applicable to other spent fuels such as those from research reactors, test reactors, molten salt reactors and mixed oxide (MOX) spent fuel. The testing is designed to provide information that supports the design, safety analysis, and performance assessment of a geologic repository for the ultimate disposal of the SNF.  
1.2 The testing described includes characterization of such physical attributes as physical appearance, weight, density, shape/geometry, degree, and type of SNF cladding damage. The testing described also includes the measurement/examination of such chemical attributes as radionuclide content, microstructure, and corrosion product content, and such environmental response characteristics as drying rates, oxidation rates (in dry air, water vapor, and liquid water), ignition temperature, and dissolution/degradation rates. Not all of the characterization tests described herein must necessarily be performed for any given analysis of SNF performance for interim storage, transportation, or geological repository disposal, particularly in areas where an extensive body of literature already exists for the parameter of interest in the specific service condition.  
1.3 It is assumed in formulating the SNF characterization activities in this guide that the SNF has been stored in an interim storage facility at some time between reactor discharge and dry transport to a repository. The SNF may have been stored either wet (for example, a spent fuel pool), or dry (for example, an independent spent f...

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off