ASTM D4391-93a(2006)e1
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
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Designation: D4391 − 93a(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Terminology Relating to
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
ε NOTE—This terminology was updated editorially in September 2011.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the igni- Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be
tion source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391 inferred. (See also flammable textile.)
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the
continues to flame after the ignition source has been
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
removed. [D13.92] D4391
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external
conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as
ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of evidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a high
flaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-
intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning
dering.) waste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building or
forest fire.
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the
cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source. flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous
[D13.92] D4391
zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is
undergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in size
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when
and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.
materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition
(Compare fire.)
source.
DISCUSSION—Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen
burner gas flame.
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby
flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or
following application of a flaming or nonflaming source of
that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when
ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition
subjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-
source.
mable textile, noncombustible textile.)
DISCUSSION—Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.
a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material during
testing may vary with different test conditions.
glow or flames.
DISCUSSION—Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-
flame resistant, adj—having flame resistance.
tion outside the visible spectrum.
DISCUSSION—“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-
tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-
dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is
mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by a
implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing
specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-
Textiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics
tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.
flame retardant, adj—not defined. This term should not be
used as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
treated” and “flame-retardant treatment”.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2006.PublishedJuly2006.Originallyapproved
flame retardant, n—a chemical used to impart flame resis-
in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D4391 – 93(2000). DOI:
10.1520/D4391-93AR06E01. tance.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4391 − 93a (2006)
flame-retardant-treated, adj—having received a flame- rial to a specified temperature and environment for a
retardant treatment. specified time. (Compare heat durability.)
DISCUSSION—The term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply to
heat resistant, adj—having heat resistance.
textiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic properties
of the material or the fiber-forming polymer.
ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
flame-retardant treatment, n—a process for incorporating or
inherent flame-resistance, n—as applied to textiles, flame
adding flame retardant(s) to a material or product.
DISCUSSION—The term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply to resistance that derives from an essential characteristic of t
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