ASTM D4391-93a(2013)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
Standard Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
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Designation: D4391 − 93a(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Terminology Relating to
The Burning Behavior of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. They
are published as a separate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography of
related literature is given in Appendix X1.
afterflame, n—persistent flaming of a material after the igni- embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as the
tion source has been removed. [D13.92] D4391 result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
fire, n—as related to textile flammability, an uncontrolled
after-flame time, n—the length of time for which a material
conflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning as
continues to flame after the ignition source has been
evidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a high
removed. [D13.92] D4391
intensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a burning
afterglow, n—glow in material after the removal of an external
waste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building or
ignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) of
forest fire.
flaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-
flame, n—as related to textile flammability, a hot luminous
dering.)
zone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is
afterglow time, n—the time afterglow continues after the
undergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in size
cessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.
and shape, and that produces a relatively low heat flux.
[D13.92] D4391
(Compare fire.)
DISCUSSION—Examples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsen
burning behavior, n—all the changes that take place when
burner gas flame.
materials or products are exposed to a specified ignition
flame resistance, n—the property of a material whereby
source.
flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited
charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the
following application of a flaming or nonflaming source of
result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition
source.
combustible textile, n—a textile that will ignite and burn or
DISCUSSION—Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the
that will give off vapors that will ignite and burn when
basic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.
subjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-
The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material during
mable textile, noncombustible textile.)
testing may vary with different test conditions.
combustion, n—a chemical process of oxidation that occurs at
flame resistant, adj—having flame resistance.
a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either as
DISCUSSION—“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-
glow or flames. tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-
DISCUSSION—Some oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia- mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by a
tion outside the visible spectrum. specific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-
tant” is a relative term and is used to compare one material to another.
dangerously flammable textile, n— not defined. This term is
flame retardant, adj—not defined. This term should not be
implied in the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing
used as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-
Textiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable Fabrics
treated” and “flame-retardant treatment”.
Act (15 USC 1191, et seq.) from which a meaning can be
inferred. (See also flammable textile.)
flame retardant, n—a chemical used to impart flame resis-
tance.
flame-retardant-treated, adj—having received a flame-
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
retardant treatment.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.
DISCUSSION—The term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply to
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originally
ε1
textiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic properties
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4391 – 93(2006) .
DOI: 10.1520/D4391-93AR13. of the material or the fiber-forming polymer.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4391 − 93a (2013)
flame-retardant treatment, n—a process for incorporating or heat resistant, adj—having heat resistance.
adding flame retardant(s) to a material or product.
ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
DISCUSSION—The term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply to
textiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic properties
inherent flame-resistance, n—as applied to textiles, flame
of the material or the fiber-forming polymer.
resistance that derives from an essential characteristic of the
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