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ASTM D7178-06(2011)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "m" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property

Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "<bdit>m</bdit>" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a calculation method for determining the number of constrictions m of a non-woven geotextile (or of a layer of a composite material). This standard is not applicable to woven geotextiles, knitted geotextiles, heat-bonded geotextiles or any other type of geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure used along with existing test method to determine the number of constrictions m of mechanically bonded non-woven geotextiles, based on thickness, mass per unit area and fiber properties
1.2 The number of constrictions is a property of non-woven geotextiles, which is complementary to opening size to predict their filtration behavior. It can be used to differentiate non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures (thickness, weight, fiber diameter, etc.). However, more research is needed to assess its significance when comparing two products with different opening sizes.
1.3 Consideration of the number of constriction is relevant in filtration applications where piping or clogging concerns are to be controlled with a high level of confidence, that is, for filters applications in critical soils.
1.4 This standard is for design purposes only and is not intended for quality control purposes.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2011
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7178-06 - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "<bdit>m</bdit>" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Replaced By
ASTM D7178-16 - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions &#x201c;<emph type="bdit" >m</emph>&#x201d; of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016

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ASTM D7178-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "<bdit>m</bdit>" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration PropertyASTM D7178-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "<bdit>m</bdit>" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property
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ASTM D7178-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions "<bdit>m</bdit>" of Non-Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7178 − 06(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practice for
Determining the Number of Constrictions “m” of Non-
1
Woven Geotextiles as a Complementary Filtration Property
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7178; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
Geotextiles
1.1 This practice describes the procedure used along with
D6767 Test Method for Pore Size Characteristics of Geotex-
existing test method to determine the number of constrictions
tiles by Capillary Flow Test
m of mechanically bonded non-woven geotextiles, based on
thickness, mass per unit area and fiber properties
3. Terminology
1.2 The number of constrictions is a property of non-woven
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
geotextiles, which is complementary to opening size to predict
method, refer to Terminology D4439.
their filtration behavior. It can be used to differentiate non-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different
3.2.1 constriction—in the non-woven geotextile, a “win-
structures (thickness, weight, fiber diameter, etc.). However,
dow” delimited by three or more fibers, through which soil
more research is needed to assess its significance when
particles could migrate.
comparing two products with different opening sizes.
3.2.2 filtration paths—under the forces induced by fluid
1.3 Consideration of the number of constriction is relevant
flows, soil particles may travel in the geotextile filter along
in filtration applications where piping or clogging concerns are
filtration paths. Each of these paths is composed of a sequence
to be controlled with a high level of confidence, that is, for
of constrictions of various size and shape.
filters applications in critical soils.
3.2.3 number of constrictions, m—average number of con-
1.4 This standard is for design purposes only and is not
strictions for a filtration path.
intended for quality control purposes.
3.2.4 fiber count, T—a measure of the linear density of the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
-6
fiber expressed in tex, where 1 tex = 10 kg/m.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The fiber count is sometime expressed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in “Denier” (equivalent to the weight in grams of a theoretical
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
9000 meters long fiber). The value in “Tex” can be obtained
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from the value in Denier considering that 1 Tex = 9 Denier.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.5 opening size—largest significant opening of a non-
2
woven geotextile as measured using Test Method D6767.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
NOTE 1—Although Test Method D4751 (Apparent Opening Size) is
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics widely used to characterize geotextiles, it may often not be sufficient for
advanced filtration investigations such as those requiring consideration of
D4751 Test Method for DeterminingApparent Opening Size
the number of constriction as a significant parameter. The “bubble-point”
of a Geotextile
measurement technique proposed in Test Method D6767 shall thus be
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
preferred to AOS per Test Method D4751.
of Geosynthetics
4. Summary of Practice
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
4.1 The physical properties of the geotextile are evaluated
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability and
accordingtospecificproceduresandthenumberofconstriction
Filtration.
m is determined based on Eq 1.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally pub-
lished 2006. Last previous version approved 2006 as D7178–06. DOI: 10.1520/
5. Significance and Use
D7178-06R11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 This practice provides a calculation method for deter-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mining the number of constrictions m of a non-woven geotex-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tile (or of a layer of a composite material). This standard is not
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7178 − 06 (2
...

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5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5322-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off