ASTM F2396-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Construction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzones for Athletic Fields
Standard Guide for Construction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzones for Athletic Fields
ABSTRACT
This guide provides selection criteria for deciding the appropriate techniques and materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, needed in the design, construction, and maintenance of high performance sand-based turf rootzones for sports fields. The factors taken into account here that influence such decisions are existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A dense, uniform, smooth, and vigorously growing natural turfgrass sports field provides the ideal and preferred playing surface for most outdoor field sports. Such a surface is pleasing to the spectators and athletes. A thick, consistent, and smooth grass cover also increases playing quality and safety by providing stable footing for the athletes, cushioning their impact from falls, slides, or tackles, and cools the playing surface during hot weather. Sand is commonly used to construct high performance sports turf rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as the primary construction material for two basic properties, compaction resistance and improved drainage/aeration state. Sands are more resistant to compaction than finer soil materials when played upon within a wide range of soil moisture conditions. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface and enhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such as during or following a rainy season. A properly constructed sand-based rootzone, on the other hand, will resist compaction even during wet periods. Once compacted, sands are easier to decompact with the use of mechanical aeration equipment. Even when compacted, sands will retain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared to native soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such, sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing an all-weather type of playing surface. Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality sports turf installation. Turfgrass utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand in and of itself is not inherently stable; therefore, it is imperative that grasses with superior wear tolerance and superior recuperative potential are ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for sports fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, for use in designing and constructing sand-based sports turf rootzones.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials...
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Designation: F2396 − 11 Am American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Construction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzones
1
for Athletic Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 Thisguidecoverstechniquesthatareappropriateforthe 2.1 ASTM Standards:
C88Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for
Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
sports fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of
C131Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, for
SizeCoarseAggregatebyAbrasionandImpactintheLos
use in designing and constructing sand-based sports turf
Angeles Machine
rootzones.
C1444Test Method for Measuring the Angle of Repose of
3
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance
Free-Flowing Mold Powders (Withdrawn 2005)
techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic
D422Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
factors,levelofplay,intensityandfrequencyofuse,equipment
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
available, budget and training, and the ability of management
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
personnel.
kN-m/m ))
D1883Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
Laboratory-Compacted Soils
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
D1997Test Method for Laboratory Determination of the
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
Fiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry Mass
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
D2944Test Method of Sampling Processed Peat Materials
judgment.Notallaspectsofthisguidemaybeapplicableinall
D2974Test Methods for Moisture,Ash, and Organic Matter
circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or
of Peat and Other Organic Soils
replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given
D2976Test Method for pH of Peat Materials
professional service must be judged, nor should this document
D2980Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-Holding
be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique
Capacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat Materials
aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document
D3080Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under
means only that the document has been approved through the
Consolidated Drained Conditions
ASTM consensus process.
D4427ClassificationofPeatSamplesbyLaboratoryTesting
D4972Test Method for pH of Soils
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
F1632Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and Sand
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Shape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and Sports
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
Field Rootzone Mixes
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
F1647Test Methods for Organic Matter Content ofAthletic
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
Field Rootzone Mixes
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to F1815Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter- Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of Athletic
mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. Field Rootzones
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F2396–04. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/F2396-11. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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F2396 − 11
F2060Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses on 4.1.1 During construction, consideration should be given to
Athletic Fields factors such as the physical and chemical properties of mate-
F2107Guide for Construction and Maintena
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Am American National Standard
Designation:F2396–04 Designation: F2396 – 11
Standard Guide for
Construction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzones
1
for SportsAthletic Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for sports
fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, for use in
designing and constructing sand-based sports turf rootzones.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level
of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances.This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard
of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without
consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document
has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
C131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size CoarseAggregate byAbrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles
Machine
C1444 Test Method for Measuring the Angle of Repose of Free-Flowing Mold Powders
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3 3
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
D1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
D1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of the Fiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry Mass
D2944 Test Method of Sampling Processed Peat Materials
D2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Soils
D2976 Test Method for pH of Peat Materials
D2980 Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-Holding Capacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat Materials
D3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions
D4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Testing
D4972 Test Method for pH of Soils
F1632 TestMethodforParticleSizeAnalysisandSandShapeGradingofGolfCoursePuttingGreenandSportsFieldRootzone
Mixes
F1647 Test Methods for Organic Matter Content of Athletic Field Rootzone Mixes
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural
Playing Surfaces.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published January 2004. DOI: 10.1520/F2396-04.
CurrenteditionapprovedApril1,2011.PublishedMay2011.Originallyapprovedin2004.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asF2396 – 04.DOI:10.1520/F2396-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2396 – 11
F1815 Test
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