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ASTM E2748-10

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments

Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained from particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods E119.
Data derived from fire tests conducted and reported under this guide are useful for general fire research and as potential input data for use in fire models.
Users of this guide must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119, including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order to understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those specified in Test Methods E119.
Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted using exposure conditions different than those specified in Test Methods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements.
In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of different exposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, the data are valid for only the alternative exposure conditions used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests using conditions different than those addressed in Test Methods E119. This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived from those tests.  
1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements comparable to those resulting from tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2010
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.11 - Fire Resistance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2748-11 - Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments
Effective Date
15-May-2011

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ASTM E2748-10 - Standard Guide for Fire-Resistance Experiments
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E2748–10
Standard Guide for
Fire-Resistance Experiments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide provides a means for ensuring comparability of findings among different researchers
conducting fire-resistance experiments employing innovative and creative variations to standard test
methods. This guide is intended to bring uniformity and consistency to tests and reports covering
fire-resistance research that is generally conducted as a variation of Test Methods E119. Its provisions
are voluntary and users are free to pick and choose from the provisions herein provided. The
overriding goal is to make it possible to begin to provide data that ultimately can be used in fire safety
engineering and fire-resistance modeling as those fields evolve. When the purpose of the research is
to study the effect of changing specific individual variables on the outcome of Test Methods E119
fire-resistancetestssoundresearchpracticesdictatethatonlyonevariableshouldbechangedatatime.
1. Scope E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
and Materials
1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
usingconditionsdifferentthanthoseaddressedinTestMethods
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E119. This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived
E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large
from those tests.
Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and As-
1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance
semblies
ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or
2.2 Other Standards:
regulatory requirements comparable to those resulting from
ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests – Elements of Building
tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.
Construction – Part 1: General Requirements
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Building Construction and Materials
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response
of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
3. Terminology
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this guide,
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
refer to Terminology E176.
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Themethodsandproceduressetforthinthisguiderelate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
from particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods
E119.
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reported
2.1 ASTM Standards:
under this guide are useful for general fire research and as
potential input data for use in fire models.
4.3 Users of this guide must have knowledge and under-
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
standing of the provisions of Test Methods E119, including
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. DOI: 10.1520/
E2748-10.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
the ASTM website. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2748–10
those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order to 7.4 Furnace pressure differentials should be measured as
understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those described in NFPA 251.
specified in Test Methods E119.
8. Alternative Test Specimens
4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted
using exposure conditions different than those specified in Test
8.1 Theprovisionsinthissectionareapplicabletotheuseof
MethodsE119donotprovideorgeneratefireresistanceratings
alternative test specimens that are different from the test
suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory
specimens specified in Test Methods E119.
requirements.
8.2 Test specimen dimensions, that is, height and width for
4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are
walls,lengthandwidthforhorizontalspecimens,orlengthsfor
subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of
columns or beams, should be recorded and the method used to
different exposure conditions can change the measured fire-
modify the furnace opening to accommodate the specimen size
test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, the
should be recorded.
dataarevalidforonlythealternativeexposureconditionsused.
8.3 When test specimens having exposed and unexposed
surfaces that are not parallel to each other or that are not flat
5. General Principles
(planar) are tested, their maximum and minimum thicknesses,
5.1 Except as specifically modified herein, fire-resistance
and radii, if curved, should be recorded.
tests should be conducted using the test furnaces, exposure
8.4 When test specimens having one or more designed
conditions, test specimens, instrumentation, and acceptance
protrusions or indentations (pilasters, alcoves, etc.) either on
criteria set forth in Test Methods E119.
the fire side, the unexposed side, or both, are tested, a
5.2 Although it is possible to vary many variables at one
description of the size, shape, location, and dimensions of each
time, and it may be desirable to do so when evaluating the
protrusion or indentation should be described and recorded.
response of a specimen to specific design fire conditions, it is
8.5 When test specimens exceeding the depth of the speci-
usually desirable to vary only one parameter at a time when
menmountingframearetested,themethod(s)ofprotectingthe
comparing results from two or more tests or when evaluating
portionofthetestspecimenextendingbeyondtheframeshould
the effect on fire resistance of changing a specific variable.
be described and recorded.
5.3 Limitations—The test data is valid for only the speci-
men and parameters used in the test.
9. Alternative Instrumentation – Furnace Environment
9.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to
6. Alternative Time-Temperature Curves
the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,
6.1 Theprovisionsinthissectionareapplicabletotheuseof
the alternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted
alternative time-temperature curves that are different from the
so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.
time-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119.
9.2 Furnace Temperature Measurement:
6.1.1 When the time-temperature curve specified in Test
9.2.1 When the furnace control temperature measurement
Methods E119 is used, it should be so stated in the report.
method (that is, shielded thermocouples) specified in Test
NOTE 1—There are a number of recognized time-temperature curves in
Methods E119 is used it should be so stated in the report.
use in fire-resistance test standards around the world.
9.2.2 When Directional Flame Thermometers or plate ther-
6.2 When a recognized or published time-temperature curve mometers are used they should be spaced as described in
is used, the source of the curve should be cited and the 9.2.2.1 through 9.2.2.2.
temperature curve should be recorded.
NOTE 3—Directional Flame Thermometers are described in Test Meth-
6.3 Fire safety engineering and computer modeling are
ods E1529. Specifications for plate thermometers are provided in
methodswherebynon-standardtime-temperaturecurvescanbe
ISO 834-1.
derived to represent specific design conditions.
9.2.2.1 There should be nine plate thermometers equally
6.3.1 When these design fires are used as the basis of a
distributed across the test specimen surface.
time-temperature curve, a table or equation representing the
9.2.2.2 Directional Flame Thermometers and Plate ther-
curve should be recorded.
mometers should be located 4 in. (100 mm) from the exposed
surface of the test specimen.
7. Alternative Pressure Differentials
9.2.3 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices for
7.1 Theprovisionsinthissectionareapplicabletotheuseof
monitoring the furnace temperature should be described and
specific furnace pressure differentials.
recorded.
NOTE 2—There are a number of recognized or published furnace
9.2.4 Any special mounting methods used for plate ther-
pressure differentials in use in fire test standards around the world.
mometers or other temperature measuring devices should be
7.2 When a recognized or published furnace pressure dif- described and recorded.
ferentialisused,thereferenceinwhichthepressuredifferential 9.2.5 The locations of furnace temperature measuring de-
is described should be cited and the pressures should be vices should be recorded.
recorded. 9.3 Heat Fllux Measurement:
7.3 When other pressure differentials are used for explor- 9.3.1 When heat flux are made in addition to furnace
atory research or to replicate actual fire conditions, or for any temperature control measurements the methods, instrumenta-
other reason, they should be described and should be recorded. tion, and heat flux profile should be described and recorded.
E2748–10
9.3.1.1 Any special mounting methods should be described 10.3.1 When total heat flux off the unexposed surface is
and recorded. measured, it should be measured as described in 10.3.1.1
through 10.3.1.3.
9.3.2 The locations of heat flux measurement devices
should be recorded.
10.3.1.1 Total heat flux coming off the unexposed surface
should be measured using a Schmidt-Boetler-type water-
9.4 Press
...

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ASTM E2688-23(Practice)
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5.1 Building products made with tapes are often used for applications for which Test Method E84 is used for compliance with building, life safety code or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, specimen mounting procedures for tapes.  
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1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
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ASTM
ASTM E2965-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.  
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.  
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.  
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.  
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applic...

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ASTM
ASTM E1537-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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