ASTM E1464-92(2005)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Developing Energy Monitoring Protocols for Commercial and Institutional Buildings or Facilities (Withdrawn 2014)
Standard Guide for Developing Energy Monitoring Protocols for Commercial and Institutional Buildings or Facilities (Withdrawn 2014)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The collection of empirical data to determine building energy performance is an important but complex and costly activity. Careful development of energy monitoring projects can make a crucial difference in the value of project results relative to the expense.
Increasing the widespread understanding of how energy is used and the types of services it provides in commercial, institutional, and related (light industrial, large multifamily, and mixed commercial/residential) buildings has proved to be difficult. This difficulty arises from the following variables: the complexity of buildings as energy systems; the diversity of sizes, uses, schedules, and types of buildings; the changes in uses of buildings; and the mixture of uses within individual buildings. These factors make building energy performance and energy (and dollar) savings from energy improvements difficult to categorize and compare.
The audience for this guide is diverse, including energy suppliers such as utilities, building owners and managers, building occupants, designers, public and private research organizations, equipment manufacturers, and public regulators.
The user of this guide must be familiar with the fundamental techniques of engineering project management and energy performance data collection, data management, and data analysis. See Refs (1-4)3 for a discussion of techniques related to the collection and analysis of energy performance data.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a methodological approach to developing protocols for collecting empirical building or facility energy performance data.
1.2 The methodological approach covered in this guide is appropriate for commercial and institutional buildings or facilities, and with some adaptations, the approach can also be used for larger multifamily buildings or small industrial buildings or facilities.
1.3 This guide does not specify a complete project or experimental design, the hardware or software needed for data collection and data management, or the data analysis techniques to be used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers a methodological approach to developing protocols for collecting empirical building or facility energy performance data.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings, this guide was withdrawn in January 2014 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1464 − 92(Reapproved 2005) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Developing Energy Monitoring Protocols for Commercial
and Institutional Buildings or Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1464; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This guide covers a methodological approach to devel- 4.1 The collection of empirical data to determine building
oping protocols for collecting empirical building or facility energy performance is an important but complex and costly
energy performance data. activity. Careful development of energy monitoring projects
can make a crucial difference in the value of project results
1.2 The methodological approach covered in this guide is
relative to the expense.
appropriate for commercial and institutional buildings or
facilities, and with some adaptations, the approach can also be 4.2 Increasing the widespread understanding of how energy
used for larger multifamily buildings or small industrial build- is used and the types of services it provides in commercial,
ings or facilities. institutional, and related (light industrial, large multifamily,
and mixed commercial/residential) buildings has proved to be
1.3 This guide does not specify a complete project or
difficult.This difficulty arises from the following variables: the
experimental design, the hardware or software needed for data
complexity of buildings as energy systems; the diversity of
collection and data management, or the data analysis tech-
sizes, uses, schedules, and types of buildings; the changes in
niques to be used.
uses of buildings; and the mixture of uses within individual
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
buildings. These factors make building energy performance
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
and energy (and dollar) savings from energy improvements
only.
difficult to categorize and compare.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 The audience for this guide is diverse, including energy
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
suppliers such as utilities, building owners and managers,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
building occupants, designers, public and private research
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
organizations,equipmentmanufacturers,andpublicregulators.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.4 The user of this guide must be familiar with the
2. Referenced Documents fundamental techniques of engineering project management
andenergyperformancedatacollection,datamanagement,and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
data analysis. See Refs (1-4) for a discussion of techniques
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
related to the collection and analysis of energy performance
3. Terminology data.
3.1 Definitions:Terms related to buildings and facilities in
5. Procedure
this guide are defined in Terminology E631.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1 Because initial goals and objectives often lead to exces-
3.2.1 building—generallyusedinthisguidetorefertoeither sive costs for field data collection, an iterative approach to
a building or a facility. project development is usually necessary. Once the goals and
objectives are defined, costs for completing the project can be
estimated. If the costs are too high, the goals and objectives are
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on Whole redefined (next iteration) to attempt to achieve more realistic
Buildings and Facilities.
costs, and further iterations are conducted as necessary.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005 . Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1992 as E1464 – 92 (1999). 5.2 Project Development Activities:
DOI: 10.1520/E1464-92R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this guide.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1464 − 92 (2005)
5.2.1 Identify project goals, objectives, questions to be conditions, or influences of interest. Data are of two major
answered by the project, and constraints such as the available types: time-dependent and time-independent.
budget. This activity should always be conducted early in
5.2.6.1 Time-dependent data include weather and energy
project development.
consumption data. Users must be careful that times are
5.2.2 Specify the minimum data products and the desired recorded consistently throughout the project for all parts of a
project. Problems can arise when switching between daylight
project output.The data needed to answer the project questions
or meet specific objectives must be identified. The data and standard time and when projects span more than one time
zone. All times should be recorded in standard time.
manipulations or calculations necessary to provide the desired
results should be identified. If possible, desired formats for the
5.2.6.2 (2) Time-independent data include specific items of
presentation of data results should be developed. The nature of
interest necessary to define the project, such as descriptive data
the minimum expected final output should be defined.
of the building or data on the costs of installing an energy-
saving device. Projects should not proceed unless project
5.2.3 Choose an experimental design that is appropriate for
developers establish a reasonably concrete procedure for de-
the project to be conducted (1-3). The design is influenced by
scribing the buildings in the project. See Refs (1-3) for
choices between the number of buildings to be monitored and
guidance in these areas. Users must be careful to avoid the
the potential ability of the data collected to define the energy
problem caused by defining a building by the Standard
performance of interest. Increasing the number of buildings
Industrial Classification (SIC) code (8) of the company that
improves the potential usefulness of statistical measures of
occupies the building. The function of the company may be
performance but also increases the cost. Increasing the mea-
manufacturing steel, while the function of the building is to be
surementofphysicalquantitiesmayimprovetheunderstanding
an office. Good practice for protocol guiding the collection of
of events in individual buildings, but it also increases the cost.
building energy performance data would dictate that the
Trade-offs between costs and measurements may begin as the
building be treated as an office, but use of the SIC code could
experimental design is being developed.
mistakenly identify the building as an industrial building.
5.2.4 Develop data management procedures that can handle
5.2.7 Resolve inconsistencies between desires (goals,
the (typically) large amounts of data collected. Computer
objectives, project questions, and desired data) and realistic
resources are required to handle the data reasonably; some
expectations for accomplishments, including resource and time
evaluation of required computer resources should therefore be
constraints and uncertainties concerning the correct methods to
conducted. The required computer resources depend on the
use. At this point, project developers must be able to state the
volume of data to be collected, the methods used to determine
ramifications of resource limitations; to compare options avail-
the data quality, and the methods used to analyze the data. All
able for conducting the project within the available resources
data should be stored on computer media, and good quality
or with incremental resources; and to determine final goals,
assurancepracticesincludestoringarchivecopiesofthedatain
objectives, project questions, and project output for the differ-
more than one location in case of fire. Procedures for deter-
ent options. If uncertainties in methods (especially data pro-
mining data quality should be computer-based. Data quality
cessing or analysis methods) are great at this point, larger-scale
should be examined as soon as possible after the data are
projects should usually be preceded by pilot-scale projects to
collected to determine whether quality problems have arisen.
permit exploratory investigation or the tuning of potential
Data archiving procedures should facilitate use of the chosen
methods to meet project needs. Uncertainties in data results,
analysis methods or computer programs, which means that the
such as plus or minus percents at the 90 or 95 % confidence
formatsrequiredforanalysisshouldbedeterminedsothatlittle
level, should be quantified to the extent possible and stated as
data reprocessing is required. Data archiving procedures
part of the expected project output.
should also be well documented so that the data can be
5.2.8 Design a detailed project. Once realistic project goals,
understood easily by analysts and good data transfer proce-
objectives, questions to be answered, and data output and
dures (see Appendix X2) can be followed.
formats are defined, the detailed project design begins in
5.2.5 Specify minimum data analysis procedures (see Refs
earnest. The usual project planning and management methods
(4-7) for examples and guidance). The analysis procedures
can be used here. Tasks are identified and assigned to appro-
chosen will often affect the field data that must be collected.
priate organizations or personnel. Final hardware selection or
The specification should include the identification of analytical
adjustments are made. It may be necessary to recruit partici-
models, data reduction techniques, error analysis, and desired
pants for the project. Data collection methods and schedules
final output from the analysis to at least meet the requirements
are developed. Data verification and quality assurance
of 5.2.2. If the experimental design requires, sample sizes
procedures, as well as data recording methods and formats, are
should be selected and the impacts of sample sizes on overall
developed. Maintenance requirements are identified and a
costs evaluated. Consideration should be given to the likeli-
maintenance plan designed. If possible, methods for dealing
hood that advances in analytical methods will occur over the
with changes over time in the building must be identified and
course of the project, which means that these minimum
tested. An analysis plan is designed; analyses must include
analysis procedures may require yearly review.
both initial analysis or verification of data for reasonableness
5.2.6 Specify the field data to be collected, based on an and accuracy and ongoing analysis of data that are received
interactiveconsiderationofrequiredinputsforspecificanalysis
(for error-checking, at a minimum, and final analysis of the
methods and a definition of the building circumstances, overall results). An example of some of the detailed project
E1464 − 92 (2005)
design considerations for one type of energy monitoring 6.3.1 The software used for checking data quality, archiving
project (measurement of end use energy for a sample of data, processing data before analysis, and performing data
approximately 50 buildings in the service territory of a specific analyses;
electric utility) is given in Appendix X1.
6.3.2 The computer resources required to conduct the proj-
ect and the amount of data archived (bytes); and
5.2.9 Conduct the project. As stated in 1.2, details are not
provided here. So many details exist concerning projects for
6.3.3 The number of files archived, a general description of
collecting building energy performance data that volumes can the data contained in these files, and a description of the data
andhavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Developersandmanagers
available for transfer to others.
of projects should understand that analysis of project data is
6.4 For reporting of the analysis methods and results,
necessary to develop results, which is the purpose for conduct-
include a description of the following:
ing the project.Aprimary failing of many projects is that data
6.4.1 The experimental design and analysis approach used.
collectionispermittedtotakeonalifeofitsownattheexpense
6.4.1.1 Typical experimental designs include on-off, before-
of the analysis. Analysis should proceed during the project as
after, test-reference, simulated occupancy, nonexperimental
a quality assurance measure and should continue after the data
reference, and engineering field test (see 5.2.3).
collection is complete. Because projects may take years to
6.4.1.2 The analysis approach is described by recording the
complete, the potential evolution in data analysis methods
degree to which the data should be detailed, the modeling
during this time may cause adjustments in final methods or
methods used for the energy data, and the form or type of the
reporting requirements (see 5.2.5). A commitment to some
model (or equations) used to describe building or system
continuing analysis of project data can often enhance overall
performance.Any calculations or methods used to account for
project results significantly.
performance variations caused by changes in building charac-
teristics (if any) are also recorded.
6. Report
6.4.2 Basic Analysis Results of the Energy Monitoring—
6.1 For basic reporting of the project results, include the
Energy use indexes should always be reported. The annual
2 2
following information:
energyuseintensity,EUI(MJ/m offloorarea(kBtu/ft )),isan
6.1.1 Project or Program Description—General
example of a simple index. The EUI based on the total amount
information, including identification of the project or program,
of all fuels used in a building should be the minimum value
the reason it was conducted, and improvements made to the
reported. If possible, the EUIs for heating, cooling, lighting, or
buildings or systems studied;
other end uses that are expected to be measured by the energy
6.1.2 Data Management Procedures—General description
monitoring project or affected by energy improvements made
of the methods used to archive the data, to determine data during the project should also be reported. If improvement
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