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ASTM E505-01(2011)

(Specification)

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These radiographs are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these radiographs. The radiographs are of castings that were produced under conditions designed to produce the discontinuities. These reference radiographs are intended to be used for casting thickness ranges in accordance with Table 1.
The radiographic illustrations listed in Table 1 illustrate three types of discontinuities in four severity levels. Two ungraded illustrations have been included to establish the radiographic appearance of foreign material.
These reference radiographs were produced in accordance with Guide E94. All of the references are original radiographs.
Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the image deteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signs of wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.
TABLE 1 Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings   DiscontinuityPlate Thickness,
in. (mm)Applicable Casting Thickness,
in. (mm) Aluminum Die Castings Category A (Porosity)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category A (Porosity)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category B (Cold fill)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category C (Shrinkage)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category D (Foreign material)0.200 (5.08)up to 1 (25.4), incl Magnesium Die Castings Category A (Porosity)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5), incl Category A (Porosity)5/8 (15.9)over 3/8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4), incl Category B (Cold fill)1/8 (3.2)up to 3/8 (9.5),...
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8½ by 11-in. cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in a 10 ½ by 11½ -in. ring binder.
Note 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM Reference Radiographs E155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings, Volumes I and II.
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2011
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E505-01(2006) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011
Referred By
ASTM B94-18 - Standard Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Die Castings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011
Referred By
ASTM B969/B969M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Castings Produced by Squeeze Casting, and the Semi-Solid Thixocast and Rheocast Casting Processes
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011
Referred By
ASTM B85/B85M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Die Castings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011

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ASTM E505-01(2011) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die CastingsASTM E505-01(2011) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
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ASTM E505-01(2011) - Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E505 − 01(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E505; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for
0.20-in. (5.1-mm) thickness aluminum die casting; and one
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate the categories and
illustration of one discontinuity for ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) thickness
severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-
magnesium die casting.
alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to
1.3 This document may be used for other materials,
provide:
thicknesses, or with other energy levels for which it has been
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and
found to be applicable and agreement has been reached
their differentiation both as to type and severity level through
between the purchaser and manufacturer.
radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specifications, and drawings.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
2. Referenced Documents
information only and are not considered standard.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—The set of reference radiographs consists of five 8 ⁄2 by 11-in.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
cardboard frames containing radiographs covering discontinuities in
E155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. The first four frames each
contain two sets of four graded levels of increasing severity, while the last
and Magnesium Castings
frame contains two ungraded radiographs. The 5 frames are contained in
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1 1
a10 ⁄2 by 11 ⁄2-in. ring binder.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-
Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and
sium castings up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness are contained in ASTM
Magnesium Die Castings
Reference Radiographs E155, for Inspection of Aluminum and Magne-
sium Castings, Volumes I and II.
3. Terminology
1.2 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
follows:
document, see Terminology E1316.
1.2.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum
die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium
4. Appearance of Radiographic Indications
die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively
4.1 The following descriptions are for use in discontinuity
increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated
identification and classification. These descriptions apply to
for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses
1 5 these reference radiographs only.
of ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) and ⁄8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B
1 4.1.1 Category A (Porosity)—Round or elongated, smooth-
discontinuities are illustrated for ⁄8-in. thick aluminum and
edged dark spots occurring individually distributed or in
magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are
5 clusters.
illustrated for ⁄8-in. thick aluminum and magnesium die
4.1.2 Category B (Cold Fill)—A distinct darkened line or
castings.
band of variable length and definite smooth outline, usually
continuous or interconnected.
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E505 - 01(2006). DOI: the ASTM website.
10.1520/E0505-01R11. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0505.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E505 − 01 (2011)
TABLE 1 Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
Applicable Casting
Plate Thickness,
Discontinuity Thickness,
in. (mm)
in. (mm)
Aluminum Die Castings
1 3
Category A (Porosity) ⁄8 (3.2) up to ⁄8 (9.5), incl
5 3
Category A (Porosity) ⁄8 (15.9) over ⁄8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4),
incl
1 3
Category B (Cold fill) ⁄8 (3.2) up to ⁄8 (9.5), incl
5 3
Category C (Shrinkage) ⁄8 (15.9) over ⁄8 to 1 (9.5 to 25.4),
incl
Category D (Foreign 0.200 (5.08) up to 1 (25.4), incl
material)
Magnesium Die Castings
1 3
Category A (Porosity) ⁄8 (3.2) up to ⁄8 (9.5), incl
5 3
Category A (Porosity) ⁄8 (15.9) over ⁄8 to 1 (9.5 to 2
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
4.2 The most common applications of CT for castings are for the following: locating and characterizing discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink; measuring as-cast part dimensions for comparison with design dimensions; and extracting dimensional measurements for reverse engineering.  
4.3 The extent to which a CT image reproduces an object or a feature within an object is dictated largely by the competing influences of spatial resolution, contrast discrimination, the specific geometry and material of the object itself, and artifacts of the imaging system. Operating parameters strike an overall balance between image quality, examination time, and cost.  
4.4 Artifacts are often the limiting factor in CT image quality. (See Practice E1570 for an in-depth discussion of artifacts.) Artifacts are reproducible features in an image that are not related to actual features in the object. Artifacts can be considered correlated noise because they form repeatable fixed patterns under given conditions yet carry no object information. For castings, it is imperative to recognize what is and is not an artifact since an artifact can obscure or masquerade as a discontinuity. Artifacts are most prevalent in castings with long straight edges or complex geometries, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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