ASTM D4317-98(2011)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives
Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives
ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl acetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use on wood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. This does not cover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives suitable for bonding flexible films. Adhesives are classified on the basis of water resistance at three performance levels, namely wet-use (Type 1), intermediate use (Type 2), and dry-use (Type 3). Adhesives shall conform to test requirements as performed under the following exposure conditions and treatments: dry shear at specified temperatures; two-cycle boil; 48-hour soak; humidity exposure; freeze-thaw stability; and storage life. Materials shall also adhere to physical properties such as density, nonvolatile matter, and pH.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl acetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use on wood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. It does not cover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives which are suitable for bonding flexible films.
1.2 The adhesives are classified at three performance levels in accordance with water-resistance as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. See Section 5 for a description of the expected exposure conditions for each class of adhesive. See Table X1.1 for a classification of typical end products that are manufactured using adhesives at the three performance levels covered by this specification.
1.3 The following index is provided as a guide to the test methods portion of this specification:
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4317 −98(Reapproved2011)
Standard Specification for
Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4317; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This specification is a replacement for Federal Specification MMM-A-180C, Class B, August 6,
1979,Adhesive,VinylAcetate Resin Emulsion, which superseded MMM-A-193C, October 26, 1967.
Ithasbeenexpandedtoincludethemorewater-resistantpolyvinylacetate-basedadhesivesnowonthe
market, in addition to the less water-resistant ones formerly covered by the Federal Specification.
1. Scope concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
acetatecopolymerresinemulsionadhesivessuitableforuseon
limitations prior to use.
wood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. It does not
cover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives which are
2. Referenced Documents
suitable for bonding flexible films.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 The adhesives are classified at three performance levels
D905Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
in accordance with water-resistance as shown in Table 1 and
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
Table 2. See Section 5 for a description of the expected
D906Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
exposureconditionsforeachclassofadhesive.SeeTableX1.1
Plywood Type Construction in Shear by Tension Loading
for a classification of typical end products that are manufac-
D907Terminology of Adhesives
tured using adhesives at the three performance levels covered
D1084Test Methods for Viscosity of Adhesives
by this specification.
D1490Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Urea-
1.3 The following index is provided as a guide to the test Formaldehyde Resin Solutions
methods portion of this specification: D1875Test Method for Density ofAdhesives in Fluid Form
D2556Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Adhesives
Section
Tests for Physical Properties 9
Having Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow Properties
Viscosity 9.1.1
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Density 9.1.2
E70Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
Nonvolatiles 9.1.3
pH 9.1.4
Glass Electrode
Tests for Adhesive Bond 10
2.2 Federal Standards:
Block Shear Strength, Compression 10.2
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
Plywood Shear Tests 10.3
PPP-C-96Cans, Metal, 28-Gauge and Lighter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
PPP-D-723Drums, Fiber
standard. The values given in parenthesis are for information
PPP-D-729Drums,ShippingandStorage,Steel,55gal(208
purposes only.
L)
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test method portion, Sections 9 and 10, of this specification:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on For referenced standards, visit the website, www.org, or contact Customer
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on Wood Service at service@.org. For Annual Book of Standards volume information, refer
Adhesives. to the standard’s Document Summary page on the website.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4317–98(2004). Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
DOI: 10.1520/D4317-98R11. www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4317−98(2011)
TABLE 1 Test Requirements
Test Requirement, Required Tests
Test Section Number
min, psi (kPa)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Block shear (compression) dry at 75°F (24°C) 10.2 2800 (19 306) X X X
Plywood (tension):
dry at 75°F (24°C) 10.3.3.1 400 (2758) X X X
A
dry at 160°F (71.1°C) 10.3.3.2 or 10.3.3.3 250 (1724) X X X
Two-cycle boil 10.3.3.4 see Table 2 X
48-h soak 10.3.3.5 250 (1724) X X
A
Humidity exposure 10.3.3.6 250 (1724) X
B B B B
Freeze-thaw stability 10.3.3.7 optional optional optional
C C C C
Storage life 10.3.3.8 X X X
A
Or 40 % of dry value at 75°F (24°C), whichever is larger.
B
Testing and certification for freeze-thaw stability is optional. To classify a test adhesive as freeze-thaw stable, test an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordance with
6.2 and 10.3.3.7.
C
Testing of an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordance with 6.3 and 10.3.3.8 is required.
TABLE 2 Test Requirements (Continued)
NOTE 1—In this specification, the maple block lamination in Test
Method D905 and the birch plywood construction in Test Method D906
Type I Test Requirement Two-Cycle Boil
are described as assemblies.
Average Failing Load, psi (10.3.3.4) (Minimum Wood Failure, %)
A
(kPa) Average of All Individual
Specimens Specimen
4. Significance and Use
Under 250 (1724) 50 25
250 to 350 (1724 to 2413) 30 10
4.1 This specification addresses the need for a set of testing
Above 350 (2143) 15 10
procedures that demonstrates the difference in physical prop-
A
See Table 9 in Interim Voluntary Product Standard for Hardwood and Decorative
erties and in adhesive bonding properties among the many
Plywood, HP-1, 1993.
available polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives. Because of the
diverse nature of the end products bonded with these adhe-
sives, testing in compliance with this specification can only
evaluate the adhesive tested under a given set of conditions.
2.3 Military Standard:
Thephysicalpropertiesoftheadhesivearetestedandincluded
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
in the report in order to give information on certain handling
3. Terminology and working properties. The adhesive bonding properties are
measured by tests performed on maple block specimens and
3.1 Definitions:
birch plywood specimens, prepared and tested in accordance
3.1.1 Many terms in this specification are defined in Termi-
with Test Methods D905 and D906, respectively. The test
nology D907.
requirements are based on knowledge within the industry of
3.1.2 emulsion, n—a two-phase liquid system in which
values which may be expected. Test Methods D905 and D906
smalldropletsofoneliquid(theinternalphase)areimmiscible
have a long history of use as a basis for many specifications.
in, and are dispersed uniformly throughout, a second continu-
4.2 This specification does not describe the end-use prod-
ous liquid phase (the external phase).
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The internal phase is sometimes de- ucts for which each class of adhesive is acceptable, but it does
describe the general exposure conditions for which each class
scribed as the disperse phase.
will perform in a satisfactory manner. See Appendix X1.
3.1.3 latex, n—astabledispersionofpolymericsubstancein
an essentially aqueous medium.
5. Classification of Adhesive Performance
3.1.4 polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive, n—a latex adhe-
5.1 For purposes of this specification, adhesives are classi-
sive in which the polymeric portion comprises polyvinyl
fied on the basis of water resistance at three performance
acetate, copolymers based mainly on polyvinyl acetate, or a
levels, wet-use, intermediate use, and dry-use:
mixture of these, and which may contain modifiers and
5.1.1 Type 1, Wet Use—An adhesive passing Type 1 test
secondary binders to provide specific properties.
requirements as given in Table 1 and Table 2, and having
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
high-water resistance, capable of producing sufficient
3.2.1 adhesive designation, n—anadhesivethatismanufac-
adhesive-joint strength and durability to make the bonded
tured by a unique combination of raw materials and process,
product serviceable under conditions in which the equilibrium
that conforms to a given set of physical and performance
moisture content (EMC) of the wood may be 16% to a
properties, and is identified by a specific name, number, or
maximum of 21% for short periods of time, and where the
alphanumeric designation.
temperature may reach levels as high as 71°C (160°F) (at
3.2.2 lot, n—adhesive manufactured at one place from the
times) during service. This adhesive will withstand most
same batch or blend of raw materials subjected to the same
outdoor conditions, such as repeated soakings. It is not,
operation and conditions.
however, suitable for marine conditions where immersion
3.2.3 assembly, n—See adhesive assembly in Terminology would be continual. As tested in this specification, a Type 1
D907. adhesive is water-resistant, but not necessarily waterproof.
D4317−98(2011)
5.1.2 Type 2, Intermediate Use—An adhesive passing Type second quart 1-L (1-qt) equally and use half for freeze-thaw
2 test requirements as given in Table 1, and having good stability and half for storage life. See 10.3.3.7 and 10.3.3.8 for
water-resistance,capableofproducingsufficientadhesive-joint instructions.
strength and durability to make the bonded products service-
able under interior or protected conditions in which there will
9. Tests for Physical Properties
be occasional intermittent exposure to wet conditions or high
9.1 Test the properties of the adhesives by the following
humidity and where the temperature may reach levels as high
methods and report the values.
as 71°C (160°F) (at times) during service.
9.1.1 Viscosity:
5.1.3 Type 3, Dry Use—An adhesive passing Type 3 test
9.1.1.1 Bringtheadhesivesampleto25 60.5°C(77 61°F)
requirements as given in Table 1, and capable of producing
and hold at this temperature during the viscosity reading. Test
sufficient adhesive-joint strength and durability to make the
inaccordancewithTestMethodsD1084,MethodB,exceptfor
bonded lumber product serviceable under normal interior
(1) temperature requirement, and (2) addition of Brookfield
service conditions where the relative humidity is not high and
model LV to the list of acceptable viscometers in 6.1 of Test
doesnotfluctuatebetweenwidelimits,andwherethetempera-
Methods D1084.
ture may reach levels as high as 71.1°C (160°F).
9.1.1.2 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,
taketwoviscositymeasurementsofthetestadhesive(1) before
6. Test Requirements
the addition of the catalyst, and (2) after the addition of the
6.1 To meet the requirements of this specification, subject
catalyst. Test in accordance with 9.1.1.1.
the test adhesive to the tests in Section 9, and make the results
NOTE2—Othertemperaturesmaybeuseduponagreementbetweenthe
ofthesetestsapartofthereport.Inaddition,theadhesiveisto
contracting parties, but the 60.5°C (61°F) tolerance must be observed.
meet the requirements of the tests described in Section 10 and
NOTE 3—Upon agreement between the contracting parties viscosity
listed in Table 1 and Table 2, for the adhesive classification for
may be tested and reported in accordance withTest Method D2556, using
which it is to be certified.
the Brookfield synchrolectric viscometer specified in Test Methods
D1084, Method B.
6.2 Testing for freeze-thaw stability is optional. In order to
9.1.2 Density—Measure the density of the adhesive in
certify that an adhesive brand meets the requirements for
accordance with Test Method D1875 and report as weight per
freeze-thaw stability, test an initial lot in accordance with
gallon in pounds.
10.3.3.7. All test requirements shall be passed for the appli-
9.1.3 Nonvolatiles—Determine the nonvolatile content of
cable adhesive classification. Following this initial test, certi-
the adhesive in accordance with Test Method D1490.
ficationforthisrequirementmaybebasedonsubmissionofthe
9.1.3.1 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,
manufacturer’s certification.
measure the nonvolatiles of the adhesive without catalyst.
6.3 To meet the storage life requirements, test an initial lot
of the adhesive brand in accordance with 10.3.3.8. All test NOTE 4—Test Method D1490 covers the determination of the nonvola-
tile content of urea-formaldehyde resin; however, the procedure given is
requirements shall be passed for the applicable adhesive
applicable to polyvinyl acetate adhesives.
classification. Following this initial test, certification for this
requirementmaybebasedonsubmissionofthemanufacturer’s 9.1.4 pH—Bringtheadhesiveto25 60.5°C(77 61°F)and
certification. determine the pH in accordance with Test Method E70.
7. Retest and Rejection
10. Tests for Adhesive Bond
7.1 When a specimen fails at a load less than that specified,
10.1 For all tests, select equipment that complies with
the failure taking place 50% or more in the wood, disregard
Practices E4.
thatspecimenincomputingtheaverage.Ifmorethanonethird
10.2 Block Shear Strength (Compression):
of the test specimens for any one test condition are discarded
10.2.1 Prepare the test specimens in accordance with Test
for this reason, repeat the test.
Method D905, using the adhesive manufacturer’s instructions
7.2 If the results of any initial test do not conform to the
for conditions and procedures for preparing the adhesive,
requirementsprescribedinthisspecification,repeatthatteston
applying it to the stock, and for assembling, pressing, and
an additional set of specimens made from the same lot of
curing the joint. Use a two-week curing period unless other-
adhesive, each of which conforms to the requirements speci-
wise instructed by the adhesive manufacturer.
fied. If this set of specimens fails to meet the requirements,
10.2.2 Number of Test Specimens—Test 20 test specimens
reject the lot.
representing at least four joints.
10.2.3 Cured (Dry) Test—Following the prescribed condi-
8. Sampling
tioning period for the assembly being tested, bring one test
8.1 Take a 2-L(2-qt) sample of adhesive that is representa- group of 20 test specimens to 8 6 1% moisture content (MC)
tive of the lot to be tested. Place 1 L qt of the adhesive in a and test in accordance withTest Method D905.Apply the load
wide-mouth, glass, 1-L (1-qt) container and seal tightly. Use through a self-aligning seat to ensure uniform lateral distribu-
for all tests with the exception of freeze-thaw stability tion of the load, except apply the load with a continuous
(10.3.3.7), and storage life (10.3.3.8). For the initial test only, motion of the movable loading head at a rate of 12.7 mm (0.5
to provide samples
...
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