ASTM E3045-21
(Practice)Standard Practice for Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
Standard Practice for Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers procedures required to conduct an examination of components using vibroacoustic thermography.
1.2 Application—The vibroacoustic thermography process has been used for component inspections in the aircraft, power generation, automotive, and other industries for testing new and serviced components, both coated and uncoated. Current applications are mostly targeting metallic components, but composite and ceramic component applications are under development (1).2
1.3 Background—Vibroacoustic thermography is a new technique within the area of active thermography. The technique was first published by Henneke, et al. in 1979 (2) and has been expanded on and popularized by Favro, et al. (3). During the test, a defect thermal response resulting from a short burst of ultrasonic energy typically in the range of 15 kHz to 40 kHz is detected by an infrared camera. The ultrasound coupled into the component being tested can activate a thermal response in defects with contact areas that can move against each other, that is, cracks and delamination. There are different energizing and coupling techniques that are commonly used depending on the needs and capabilities. These variations and the down selection process are not included in the procedure and should be developed/optimized by experimentation for each new component application.
Note 1: Vibroacoustic thermography is typically sensitive to tight planar defects (4). Volumetric defects such as porosity, inclusions, open ruptures, or cracks in wide-open areas, will not typically result in an indication. Therefore, an augmenting method should be conducted to detect volumetric defects. (See Terminology E1316.)
Note 2: Vibroacoustic thermography is a surface examination but has demonstrated detection sensitivity for subsurface defects including back wall defects for thin components (5), (6). Care should be taken when developing vibroacoustic thermography for the detection of subsurface defects.
1.4 Warnings:
1.4.1 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During energization, the complete component may be excited with vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds. The development of this test for a new application requires special measurements, precautions, and attention to component response. The component design engineer and the NDE engineering specialist knowledgeable of this technique should be satisfied that the test will not cause damage or reduction of service life.
1.4.2 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography, like any other NDT technology, requires thorough development and testing for each application, including clear definition of the inspection objective, as well as development of objective means to distinguish between rejectable indications and conditions that should not be cause for rejection. Incomplete development and application will result in high incidence of improper rejections and high incidence of defect "misses." The images produced by many vibroacoustic thermography inspections can otherwise lead to inspector fatigue and ineffective evaluations.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: E3045 − 21
Standard Practice for
1
Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4.1 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the
energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers procedures required to
energization, the complete component may be excited with
conduct an examination of components using vibroacoustic
vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds.
thermography.
The development of this test for a new application requires
1.2 Application—The vibroacoustic thermography process
specialmeasurements,precautions,andattentiontocomponent
has been used for component inspections in the aircraft, power
response. The component design engineer and the NDE engi-
generation, automotive, and other industries for testing new
neering specialist knowledgeable of this technique should be
and serviced components, both coated and uncoated. Current
satisfied that the test will not cause damage or reduction of
applications are mostly targeting metallic components, but
service life.
composite and ceramic component applications are under
1.4.2 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography, like any
2
development (1).
other NDT technology, requires thorough development and
1.3 Background—Vibroacoustic thermography is a new testing for each application, including clear definition of the
inspection objective, as well as development of objective
technique within the area of active thermography. The tech-
niquewasfirstpublishedbyHenneke,etal.in1979(2)andhas means to distinguish between rejectable indications and con-
ditions that should not be cause for rejection. Incomplete
been expanded on and popularized by Favro, et al. (3). During
the test, a defect thermal response resulting from a short burst development and application will result in high incidence of
improper rejections and high incidence of defect "misses."The
of ultrasonic energy typically in the range of 15 kHz to 40 kHz
is detected by an infrared camera. The ultrasound coupled into images produced by many vibroacoustic thermography inspec-
tions can otherwise lead to inspector fatigue and ineffective
the component being tested can activate a thermal response in
defects with contact areas that can move against each other, evaluations.
that is, cracks and delamination. There are different energizing
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and coupling techniques that are commonly used depending on
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the needs and capabilities. These variations and the down
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
selection process are not included in the procedure and should
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
be developed/optimized by experimentation for each new
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
component application.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE 1—Vibroacoustic thermography is typically sensitive to tight
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
planar defects (4). Volumetric defects such as porosity, inclusions, open
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ruptures, or cracks in wide-open areas, will not typically result in an
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
indication. Therefore, an augmenting method should be conducted to
detect volumetric defects. (See Terminology E1316.) mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 2—Vibroacoustic thermography is a surface examination but has
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
demonstrated detection sensitivity for subsurface defects including back
wall defects for thin components (5), (6). Care should be taken when
2. Referenced Documents
developing vibroacoustic thermography for the detection of subsurface
2.1 ASTM Standards:
defects.
E168 Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quanti-
1.4 Warnings:
tative Analysis
E1213 Practice for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Dif-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
ference for Thermal Imaging Systems
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
E1252 Practice for General Techniques for Obtaining Infra-
Specialized NDT Methods.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
red Spectra for Qualitative Analysis
approved in 2016. Last previo
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3045 − 16 E3045 − 21
Standard Practice for
1
Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Purpose—This practice covers procedures required to conduct an examination of components using vibroacoustic
thermography.
1.2 Application—The vibroacoustic thermography process has been used for component inspections in the aircraft, power
generation, automotive, and other industries for testing new and serviced components, both coated and uncoated. Current
applications are mostly targeting metallic components, but composite and ceramic component applications are under develop-
2
ment.development (1).
1.3 Background—Vibroacoustic thermography is a new technique within the area of active thermography. The technique was first
published by Henneke, et al. in 1979 (12) and has been expanded on and popularized by Favro, et al. (23). During the test, a defect
thermal response resulting from a short burst of ultrasonic energy typically in the range of 15 kHz to 40 kHz is detected by an
infrared camera. The ultrasound coupled into the component being tested can activate a thermal response in defects with contact
areas that can move against each other, that is, cracks and delamination. There are different energizing and coupling techniques
that are commonly used depending on the needs and capabilities. These variations and the down selection process are not included
in the procedure and should be developed/optimized by experimentation for each new component application.
NOTE 1—Vibroacoustic thermography is typically sensitive to tight planar defects (34). Volumetric defects such as porosity, inclusions, open ruptures, or
cracks in wide-open areas, will not typically result in an indication. Therefore, an augmenting method should be conducted to detect volumetric defects.
(See Terminology E1316.)
NOTE 2—Vibroacoustic thermography is a surface examination but has demonstrated detection sensitivity for subsurface defects including back wall
defects for thin components (45), (56). Care should be taken when developing vibroacoustic thermography for the detection of subsurface defects.
1.4 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During
energization, the complete component may be excited with vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds. The
development of this test for a new application requires special measurements, precautions and attention to component response.
The component design engineer and the NDE engineering specialist, knowledgeable of this technique should be satisfied that the
test will not cause damage or reduction of service life.Warnings:
1.4.1 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography requires the energization of the test article with vibrational energy. During
energization, the complete component may be excited with vibroacoustic (vibration) energy for as long as several seconds. The
development of this test for a new application requires special measurements, precautions, and attention to component response.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
Specialized NDT Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2021. Published April 2016January 2022. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
E3045 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/E3045-1510.1520/E3045-21.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to athe list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E3045 − 21
The component design engineer and the NDE engineering specialist knowledgeable of this technique should be satisfied that the
test will not cause damage or reduction of service life.
1.4.2 Warning—Vibroacoustic thermography, like any other NDT technology, requires thorough development and testing for
each application, including clear definition of the inspection objective, as well as development of objective means to distinguish
between rejectable indi
...
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