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ASTM D3343-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of hydrogen content is not available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 783.5 kg/m3  and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 733.2 kg/m3 and 841.3 kg/m3, that is, plus and minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables to be used in the equation are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar to aviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels were included in the correlation.  
4.2 Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat of combustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used in aircraft calculation because all combustion products are in the gaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.  
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.  
Note 1: The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018, D3701, D5291, and D7171.
Note 2: The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:    
Fuel  
Specification  
Aviation gasolines  
D910  
Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels  
JP-4 and JP-5  
MIL-DTL-5624  
JP-7  
MIL-DTL-38219  
JP-8  
MIL-DTL-83133  
Jet A and Jet A-1  
D1655  
Miscellaneous hydrocarbons  
No. 2 Diesel fuel  
Kerosene distillates (similar to Jet A)  
Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)  
Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons
and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.  
Pure hydrocarbons  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2015
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3343 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3343; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen
limitations prior to use.
content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft
turbine and jet engine fuels.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid
2
hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of speci- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ficationsforaviationgasolinesoraircraftturbineandjetengine D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
NOTE 1—The procedure for the experimental determination of hydro-
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
gen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018, D3701,
D5291, and D7171. D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
NOTE 2—The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which
ucts by Hydrometer Method
a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range,
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimen-
tal measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
case,thepossibilitythattheestimatesmaybeinerrorbylargeamountsfor
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
specifications:
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
Fuel Specification
Aviation gasolines D910 Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic
Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels
Resonance Spectrometry
JP-4 and JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624
D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of
JP-7 MIL-DTL-38219
JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products
Jet A and Jet A-1 D1655
and Lubricants
Miscellaneous hydrocarbons
D7171 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Dis-
No. 2 Diesel fuel
Kerosene distillates (similar to Jet A)
tillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed
Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons
and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests. 3
2.2 Military Specifications:
Pure hydrocarbons
MIL-DTL-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Grade JP-4 and
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
JP-5
standard.
MIL-DTL-38219 Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, JP-7
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
MIL-DTL-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type,
information only.
JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
F-37)
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D3343 – 05 (2015). Copies of these documents are available online at http://
DOI: 10.1520/D3343-16. www.quicksearch.dla.mil.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3343 − 16
TABLE 1 Mean
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3343 − 05 (Reapproved 2015) D3343 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3343; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and
jet engine fuels.
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications
for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
NOTE 1—The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018, D3701and,
D3701D5291, and D7171.
NOTE 2—The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a
relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental
measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual
fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:
Fuel Specification
Aviation gasolines D910
Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels
JP-4 and JP-5 MIL-T-5624
JP-4 and JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624
JP-6 MIL-J-25056 (Obsolete)
JP-7 MIL-DTL-38219
JP-7 MIL-T-38219
JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133
Jet A and Jet A-1 D1655
Miscellaneous hydrocarbons
No. 2 Diesel fuel
Kerosine distillates (similar to Jet A)
Kerosene distillates (similar to Jet A)
Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)
Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons
and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.
Pure hydrocarbons
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2016. Published December 2015February 2016. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20102015
as D3343 – 05 (2010).(2015). DOI: 10.1520/D3343-05R15.10.1520/D3343-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3343 − 16
TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the Variables
Standard
Variable Mean
Deviation
Aromatics, volume, % 14.1 21.6
3
Density, kg/m (°API) 783 (49.1) 54 (12.4)
Volatility, °C (°F) 178 (352) 53 (96)
Mass percent hydrogen 14.1 1.3
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Di
...

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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4808-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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