D02.04.0K - Correlative Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb · °F (kJ/kg · K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 % by volume distilled.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable at temperatures less than 0 °F (−18 °C) and greater than 60 °F (16 °C) above the volumetric average boiling point of the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of hydrogen content is not available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 783.5 kg/m3  and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 733.2 kg/m3 and 841.3 kg/m3, that is, plus and minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables to be used in the equation are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar to aviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels were included in the correlation.  
5.2 Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat of combustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used in aircraft calculation because all combustion products are in the gaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.  
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.  
Note 1: The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018, D3701, D5291, and D7171.
Note 2: The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:    
Fuel  
Specification  
Aviation gasolines  
D910  
Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels  
JP-4 and JP-5  
MIL-DTL-5624  
JP-7  
MIL-DTL-38219  
JP-8  
MIL-DTL-83133  
Jet A and Jet A-1  
D1655  
Miscellaneous hydrocarbons  
No. 2 Diesel fuel  
Kerosene distillates (similar to Jet A)  
Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)  
Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons
and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.  
Pure hydrocarbons  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M).2 This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:  
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.  
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.  
Note 1: The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN), and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% CA), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
4.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
4.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material.  
4.4 In cases where Test Method D2887 data are available, that is, for determination of boiling range distribution or calculation of other physical properties, this test method provides a calculation method for flash point without performing an additional analysis. Table 1 shows the ranges for the IBP, 5 %, and 10 % results for each equation.  
4.5 In the case where the flash point of a fuel has been initially established, the calculated flash point is useful as a flash point check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method D2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D93 over the range from 47 °C to 99 °C, and to jet fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D56 and Test Method D3828 over the range from 35 °C to 67 °C.  
1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and jet fuels with an IBP between 90 °C and 162 °C (194 °F and 324 °F), Test Method D2887 5 % recovery temperature between 136 °C and 207 °C (277 °F and 405 °F), and Test Method D2887 10 % recovery temperature between 142 °C and 222 °C (288 °F and 432 °F). For each flash point test method (Test Method D56, Test Method D93, and Test Method D3828) a separate equation has been established. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated distillation IBP, 5 %, and 10 % ranges per equation.  
1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the calculated flash point.  
1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPEX (Mean Summed Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on reconstruction of TIBP, T5 %, and T10 % of the sample, via a calculation procedure. A value for MSPEX not exceeding the threshold level of 1.9 °C is a prerequisite for accepting the calculated flash point, CFP.
Note 1: It is important to note that calculated flash point results, at this time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying conformance to applicable regulations.
Note 2: The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature and the 5 % and 10 % recovery temperatures.
Note 3: If the user's specification requires a defined flash point test method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in acc...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The true vapor pressure of a distillate fuel is a relative measurement, both of the tendency of the most volatile portion of the fuel to gasify, and of the restraining pressure required to prevent gasification of the most volatile portion. Thus the measurement is of importance when a fuel is to be utilized in applications where no gasification may be tolerated, and temperature-pressure conditions are expected to be near the true vapor pressure of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vapor pressures of petroleum distillate fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 % by volume distilled.  
1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pressures at temperatures between the 0 % equilibrium flash temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Provision is included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature for fuels for which it is not known.  
1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not available for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressure and critical temperature are known, the values shall be used as the coordinates in Fig. 1 to establish a critical point to be used instead of the focal point established as described in 6.5.4; and the calculations described in 6.5 through 6.5.4 are not required. If either a determined true boiling point or determined equilibrium flash vaporization temperature at 0 % distilled at atmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall be used to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point line referred to in 6.4.
FIG. 1 Test Method D86 Distillation Temperature and Equalization Flash Vaporization Temperature Pressure Conversion Chart  
1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having a boiling range of less than 100 °F (38 °C) between the Test Method D86 10 % by volume and 90 % by volume distilled temperatures.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum.2 It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils2 having viscosities in excess of 5.5 mm2/s at 40 °C (104 °F) and in excess of 0.8 mm2/s at 100 °C (212 °F).  
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s.  
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of calculating the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another physical measurement.  
4.2 Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 °F and 210 °F (37.78 °C and 98.89 °C).2 It is applicable to samples with mean relative molecular masses in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow mean relative molecular mass range.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M).2 This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:  
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.  
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.  
Note 1: The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN), and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% CA), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of calculating the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another physical measurement.  
4.2 Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 °F and 210 °F (37.78 °C and 98.89 °C).2 It is applicable to samples with mean relative molecular masses in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow mean relative molecular mass range.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb · °F (kJ/kg · K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 % by volume distilled.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable at temperatures less than 0 °F (−18 °C) and greater than 60 °F (16 °C) above the volumetric average boiling point of the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M).2 This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:  
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.  
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.  
Note 1: The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN), and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% CA), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
4.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
4.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material.  
4.4 In cases where Test Method D2887 data are available, that is, for determination of boiling range distribution or calculation of other physical properties, this test method provides a calculation method for flash point without performing an additional analysis. Table 1 shows the ranges for the IBP, 5 %, and 10 % results for each equation.  
4.5 In the case where the flash point of a fuel has been initially established, the calculated flash point is useful as a flash point check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method D2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D93 over the range from 47 °C to 99 °C, and to jet fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D56 and Test Method D3828 over the range from 35 °C to 67 °C.  
1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and jet fuels with an IBP between 90 °C and 162 °C (194 °F and 324 °F), Test Method D2887 5 % recovery temperature between 136 °C and 207 °C (277 °F and 405 °F), and Test Method D2887 10 % recovery temperature between 142 °C and 222 °C (288 °F and 432 °F). For each flash point test method (Test Method D56, Test Method D93, and Test Method D3828) a separate equation has been established. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated distillation IBP, 5 %, and 10 % ranges per equation.  
1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the calculated flash point.  
1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPEX (Mean Summed Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on reconstruction of TIBP, T5 %, and T10 % of the sample, via a calculation procedure. A value for MSPEX not exceeding the threshold level of 1.9 °C is a prerequisite for accepting the calculated flash point, CFP.
Note 1: It is important to note that calculated flash point results, at this time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying conformance to applicable regulations.
Note 2: The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature and the 5 % and 10 % recovery temperatures.
Note 3: If the user's specification requires a defined flash point test method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of hydrogen content is not available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 783.5 kg/m3  and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 733.2 kg/m3 and 841.3 kg/m3, that is, plus and minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables to be used in the equation are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar to aviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels were included in the correlation.  
4.2 Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat of combustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used in aircraft calculation because all combustion products are in the gaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.  
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.  
Note 1: The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018, D3701, D5291, and D7171.
Note 2: The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:    
Fuel  
Specification  
Aviation gasolines  
D910  
Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels  
JP-4 and JP-5  
MIL-DTL-5624  
JP-7  
MIL-DTL-38219  
JP-8  
MIL-DTL-83133  
Jet A and Jet A-1  
D1655  
Miscellaneous hydrocarbons  
No. 2 Diesel fuel  
Kerosene distillates (similar to Jet A)  
Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)  
Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons
and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.  
Pure hydrocarbons  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M).2 This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:  
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.  
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.  
Note 1: The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN), and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% CA), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp ).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The true vapor pressure of a distillate fuel is a relative measurement, both of the tendency of the most volatile portion of the fuel to gasify, and of the restraining pressure required to prevent gasification of the most volatile portion. Thus the measurement is of importance when a fuel is to be utilized in applications where no gasification may be tolerated, and temperature-pressure conditions are expected to be near the true vapor pressure of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vapor pressures of petroleum distillate fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume % distilled.  
1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pressures at temperatures between the 0 % equilibrium flash temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Provision is included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature for fuels for which it is not known.  
1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not available for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressure and critical temperature are known, the values shall be used as the coordinates in Fig. 1 to establish a critical point to be used instead of the focal point established as described in 6.5.4; and the calculations described in 6.5 through 6.5.4 are not required. If either a determined true boiling point or determined equilibrium flash vaporization temperature at 0 % distilled at atmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall be used to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point line referred to in 6.4.  
1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having a boiling range of less than 100 °F (38 °C) between the Test Method D86 10 volume % and 90 volume % distilled temperatures.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of hydrogen content is not available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 783.5 kg/m3  and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 733.2 kg/m3 and 841.3 kg/m3, that is, plus and minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables to be used in the equation are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar to aviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels were included in the correlation.  
4.2 Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat of combustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used in aircraft calculation because all combustion products are in the gaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.  
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.  
Note 1: The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018 and D3701.
Note 2: The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:    
Fuel  
Specification  
Aviation gasolines  
D910  
Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels  
JP-4 and JP-5  
MIL-T-5624  
JP-6  
MIL-J-25056 (Obsolete)    
JP-7  
MIL-T-38219  
Jet A  
D1655  
Miscellaneous hydrocarbons  
No. 2 Diesel fuel  
Kerosine distillates (similar to Jet A)  
Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)  
Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons
and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.  
Pure hydrocarbons  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum.2 It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils2 having viscosities in excess of 5.5 mm2/s at 40°C (104°F) and in excess of 0.8 mm2/s at 100°C (212°F).  
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s.  
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of calculating the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another physical measurement.  
4.2 Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 °F and 210 °F (37.78 °C and 98.89 °C).2 It is applicable to samples with mean relative molecular masses in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow mean relative molecular mass range.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
4.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
4.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material.  
4.4 In cases where Test Method D2887 data are available, that is, for determination of boiling range distribution or calculation of other physical properties, this test method provides a calculation method for flash point without performing an additional analysis. Table 1 shows the ranges for the IBP, 5%, and 10% results for each equation.
4.5 In the case where the flash point of a fuel has been initially established, the calculated flash point is useful as a flash point check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method D2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D93 over the range from 47 to 99°C, and to jet fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D56 and Test Method D3828 over the range from 35 to 67°C.  
1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and jet fuels with an IBP between 90 and 162°C (194 and 324°F), Test Method D2887 5% recovery temperature between 136 and 207°C (277 and 405°F), and Test Method D2887 10% recovery temperature between 142 and 222°C (288 and 432°F). For each flash point test method (Test Method D56, Test Method D93, and Test Method D3828) a separate equation has been established. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated distillation IBP, 5%, and 10% ranges per equation.  
1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the calculated flash point.  
1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPEX (Mean Summed Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on reconstruction of TIBP, T5%, and T10% of the sample, via a calculation procedure. A value for MSPEX not exceeding the threshold level of 1.9°C is a prerequisite for accepting the calculated flash point, CFP.Note 1—It is important to note that calculated flash point results, at this time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying conformance to applicable regulations.Note 2—The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature and the 5% and 10% recovery temperatures.Note 3—If the user's specification requires a defined flash point test method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb · °F (kJ/kg · K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume % distilled.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable at temperatures less than 0°F (−18°C) and greater than 60°F (16°C) above the volumetric average boiling point of the fuel.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum. It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils having viscosities in excess of 5.5 mm2/s at 40°C (104°F) and in excess of 0.8 mm2/s at 100°C (212°F).
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s.
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of hydrogen content is not available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 783.5 kg/m3  and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 733.2 and 841.3 kg/m3, that is, plus and minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables to be used in the equation are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar to aviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels were included in the correlation.
Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat of combustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used in aircraft calculation because all combustion products are in the gaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.  
Note 1—The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018 and D3701.
Note 2—The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density, and molecular weight (n-d-M). This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution—up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.
Note 1—The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN), and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% CA), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The true vapor pressure of a distillate fuel is a relative measurement, both of the tendency of the most volatile portion of the fuel to gasify, and of the restraining pressure required to prevent gasification of the most volatile portion. Thus the measurement is of importance when a fuel is to be utilized in applications where no gasification may be tolerated, and temperature-pressure conditions are expected to be near the true vapor pressure of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vapor pressures of petroleum distillate fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume % distilled.
1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pressures at temperatures between the 0 % equilibrium flash temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Provision is included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature for fuels for which it is not known.
1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not available for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressure and critical temperature are known, the values shall be used as the coordinates in Fig. 1 to establish a critical point to be used instead of the focal point established as described in 6.5.4; and the calculations described in 6.5 through 6.5.4 are not required. If either a determined true boiling point or determined equilibrium flash vaporization temperature at 0 % distilled at atmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall be used to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point line referred to in 6.4.
1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having a boiling range of less than 100°F (38°C) between the Test Method D86 10 and 90 volume % distilled temperatures.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means of calculating the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another physical measurement.
Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 and 210°F (37.78 and 98.89°C). It is applicable to samples with mean relative molecular masses in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow mean relative molecular mass range.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb · °F (kJ/kg · K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D 86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume % distilled.
1.2 This test method is not applicable at temperatures less than 0°F (−18°C) and greater than 60°F (16°C) above the volumetric average boiling point of the fuel.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.
Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively non-volatile or non-flammable material.
In cases where Test Method D 2887 data are available, that is, for determination of boiling range distribution or calculation of other physical properties, this test method provides a calculation method for flash point without performing an additional analysis. Table 1 shows the ranges for the IBP, 5%, and 10% results for each equation.
In the case where the flash point of a fuel has been initially established, the calculated flash point is useful as a flash point check on subsequent samples of that fuel, provided its source and mode of manufacture remain unchanged.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculated flash point formula, which represents a means for directly estimating the flash point temperature of distillate fuels from Test Method D 2887 data. The value computed from the equation is termed the “calculated flash point.” The calculated flash point formula is applicable to diesel fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D 93 over the range from 47 to 99°C, and to jet fuel samples based on a correlation to Test Method D 56 and Test Method D 3828 over the range from 35 to 67°C.
1.2 The calculated flash point formula is valid for diesel and jet fuels with an IBP between 90 and 162°C (194 and 324°F), Test Method D 2887 5% recovery temperature between 136 and 207°C (277 and 405°F), and Test Method D 2887 10% recovery temperature between 142 and 222°C (288 and 432°F). For each flash point test method (Test Method D 56, Test Method D 93, and Test Method D 3828) a separate equation has been established. See 4.4 for a detailed overview of the simulated distillation IBP, 5%, and 10% ranges per equation.
1.3 A calculated diagnostic parameter, not exceeding a given threshold value, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the calculated flash point.
1.4 The diagnostic parameter MSPEX (Mean Summed Prediction Error) checks the sample compliance, based on reconstruction of TIBP, T5%, and T10% of the sample, via a calculation procedure. A value for MSPEX not exceeding the threshold level of 1.9°C is a prerequisite for accepting the calculated flash point, CFP.
Note 1—It is important to note that calculated flash point results, at this time, are not recognized by regulatory organizations in verifying conformance to applicable regulations.
Note 2—The calculated flash point derived from simulated distillation data depends upon the accuracy of determination of the IBP temperature and the 5% and 10% recovery temperatures.
Note 3—If the user's specification requires a defined flash point test method other than this test method, neither this test method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful function for the approximate characterization of the viscous fractions of petroleum.2 It is relatively insensitive to molecular weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of nonhydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils  having viscosities in excess of 4 cSt. = 4 X 10-6 m-2/s at 40°C (104°F).  
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>  
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The carbon distribution and ring content serve to express the gross composition of the heavier fractions of petroleum. These data can be used as an adjunct to the bulk properties in monitoring the manufacture of lubricating oil base stocks by distillation, solvent refining or hydrogenation, or both, and in comparing the composition of stocks from different crude sources. Furthermore, the data can often be correlated with critical product performance properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density and molecular weight (n-d-M). This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution— up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.
Note 1—The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN) and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% C A), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of hydrogen content is not available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 783.5 kg/m3  and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 733.2 and 841.3 kg/m3, that is, plus and minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables to be used in the equation are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar to aviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels were included in the correlation.
Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat of combustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used in aircraft calculation because all combustion products are in the gaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.
TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the Variables   VariableMean Standard
Deviation Aromatics, volume, %14.121.6 Density, kg/m3 (°API)783 (49.1)54 (12.4) Volatility, °C (°F)178 (352)53 (96) Mass percent hydrogen14.11.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8. Note 1
The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D 1018 and D 3701.Note 2
The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are defined by the following specifications:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vapor pressures of petroleum distillate fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume% distilled.  
1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pressures at temperatures between the 0% equilibrium flash temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Provision is included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature for fuels for which it is not known.  
1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not available for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressure and critical temperature are known, the values shall be used as the coordinates in Fig. 3 to establish a critical point to be used instead of the focal point established as described in 6.5.4; and the calculations described in 6.5 through 6.5.4 are not required. If either a determined true boiling point or determined equilibrium flash vaporization temperature at 0% distilled at atmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall be used to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point line referred to in 6.4.  
1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having a boiling range of less than 100°F (38°C) between the Test Method D86 10 and 90 volume% distilled temperatures.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The true vapor pressure of a distillate fuel is a relative measurement, both of the tendency of the most volatile portion of the fuel to gasify, and of the restraining pressure required to prevent gasification of the most volatile portion. Thus the measurement is of importance when a fuel is to be utilized in applications where no gasification may be tolerated, and temperature-pressure conditions are expected to be near the true vapor pressure of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vapor pressures of petroleum distillate fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D 86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume % distilled.
1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pressures at temperatures between the 0 % equilibrium flash temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Provision is included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature for fuels for which it is not known.
1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not available for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressure and critical temperature are known, the values shall be used as the coordinates in to establish a critical point to be used instead of the focal point established as described in ; and the calculations described in through are not required. If either a determined true boiling point or determined equilibrium flash vaporization temperature at 0 % distilled at atmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall be used to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point line referred to in .
1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having a boiling range of less than 100F (38C) between the Test Method D 86 10 and 90 volume % distilled temperatures.
1.5 &inch-pound-units;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means of calculating the mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another physical measurement.
Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean molecular weight (relative molecular mass) of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 and 210°F (37.78 and 98.89°C). It is applicable to samples with molecular weights in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow molecular weight (relative molecular mass) range.
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb · °F (kJ/kg K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D 86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume % distilled.
1.2 This test method is not applicable at temperatures less than 0°F (-18°C) and greater than 60°F (16°C) above the volumetric average boiling point of the fuel.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are the preferred units. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of true vapor pressures of petroleum distillate fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume% distilled.  
1.2 The test method may be used to calculate vapor pressures at temperatures between the 0% equilibrium flash temperature and the critical temperature of the fuel. Provision is included for obtaining a calculated critical temperature for fuels for which it is not known.  
1.3 Critical pressure-temperature data are usually not available for petroleum fuels. However, if both the critical pressure and critical temperature are known, the values shall be used as the coordinates in Fig. 3 to establish a critical point to be used instead of the focal point established as described in 6.5.4; and the calculations described in 6.5 through 6.5.4 are not required. If either a determined true boiling point or determined equilibrium flash vaporization temperature at 0% distilled at atmospheric pressure is known, the determined value shall be used to establish the lower limit of the bubble-point line referred to in 6.4.  
1.4 The method is not reliable for distillate fuels having a boiling range of less than 100°F (38°C) between the Test Method D86 10 and 90 volume% distilled temperatures.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density and molecular weight (n-d-M). This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution— up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.
Note 1—The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN) and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% C A), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the carbon distribution and ring content (Note 1) of olefin-free petroleum oils from measurements of refractive index, density and molecular weight (n-d-M). This test method should not be applied to oils whose compositions are outside the following ranges:
1.1.1 In terms of carbon distribution— up to 75 % carbon atoms in ring structure; percentage in aromatic rings not larger than 1.5 times the percentage in naphthenic rings.
1.1.2 In terms of ring content—up to four rings per molecule with not more than half of them aromatic. A correction must be applied for oils containing significant quantities of sulfur.
Note 1—The composition of complex petroleum fractions is often expressed in terms of the proportions of aromatic rings (RA), naphthene rings (RN) and paraffin chains (CP) that would comprise a hypothetical mean molecule. Alternatively, the composition may be expressed in terms of a carbon distribution, that is, the percentage of the total number of carbon atoms that are present in aromatic ring structures (% C A), naphthene ring structures (% CN), and paraffin chains (% Cp).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hydrogen content (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.  
1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.  Note 1-The procedure for the experimental determination of hydrogen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018 and D3701. Note 2-The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range, density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined by the following specifications: Fuel Specification Aviation gasolines D910 Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels JP-4 and JP-5 MIL-T-5624 JP-6 MIL-J-25056 (Obsolete) JP-7 MIL-T-38219 Jet A D1655 Miscellaneous hydrocarbons No. 2 Diesel fuel Kerosine distillates (similar to Jet A) Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends) Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbons and special high-temperature fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests. Pure hydrocarbons
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils  having viscosities in excess of 4 cSt. = 4 X 10-6 m-2/s at 40°C (104°F).  
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>  
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean molecular weight (relative molecular mass) of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 and 210°F (37.78 and 98.89°C).  It is applicable to samples with molecular weights in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow molecular weight (relative molecular mass) range.
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb[dot]°F (kJ/kg[dot]K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 volume% distilled.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable at temperatures less than 0°F (-18°C) and greater than 60°F (16°C) above the volumetric average boiling point of the fuel.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are the preferred units. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean molecular weight (relative molecular mass) of petroleum oils from kinematic viscosity measurements at 100 and 210°F (37.78 and 98.89°C). It is applicable to samples with molecular weights in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of composition or possess an exceptionally narrow molecular weight (relative molecular mass) range.
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.