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ASTM F844-07a(2013)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Washers, Steel, Plain (Flat), Unhardened for General Use

Standard Specification for Washers, Steel, Plain (Flat), Unhardened for General Use

ABSTRACT
This specification covers round and miscellaneous shape steel plain (flat) washers furnished in an unhardened condition. The washers are intended for general use bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing, and to prevent galling. The washers shall be punched from hot-rolled, hot-rolled and pickled, or cold-rolled steel; or shall be machined from bar stock or tubing; or shall be forged. The washers shall also be tumbled, vibrated, or otherwise processed to minimize burrs. These washers may be zinc-coated, hot-dip-coated, cadmium-plated, or zinc-plated by using hot dipping, mechanical deposition, and electroplating processes. Chemical analysis may be conducted in order to determine the composition of washers and a hardness test may also be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers round and miscellaneous shape steel plain (flat) washers furnished in an unhardened condition.  
1.2 The washers are intended for general use bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing, and to prevent galling.  
1.3 Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to B18.22.1, Type A, Tables 1A and Tables 1B.  
1.4 Hardened washers for use with heat-treated structural bolts are covered by Specifications F436 and F436M.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2013
ICS
21.060.30 - Washers, locking elements
Technical Committee
F16 - Fasteners
Drafting Committee
F16.02 - Steel Bolts, Studs and Nuts
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F844-07a(2013) - Standard Specification for Washers, Steel, Plain (Flat), Unhardened for General UseASTM F844-07a(2013) - Standard Specification for Washers, Steel, Plain (Flat), Unhardened for General Use
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ASTM F844-07a(2013) - Standard Specification for Washers, Steel, Plain (Flat), Unhardened for General Use
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F844 −07a (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Specification for
Washers, Steel, Plain (Flat), Unhardened for General Use
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF844;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversroundandmiscellaneousshape
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
steel plain (flat) washers furnished in an unhardened condition.
F2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-
1.2 The washers are intended for general use bolt, nut, and
ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,
stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing,
Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
and to prevent galling.
2.2 ASME Standards:
1.3 Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished B18.22.1 Plain Washers
with dimensions conforming to B18.22.1, Type A, Tables 1A
B18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Stan-
and Tables 1B. dard for B18 Fastener Products
2.3 Military Specification:
1.4 Hardened washers for use with heat-treated structural
DOD-P-16232 Phosphate Coating for Ferrous Metals
bolts are covered by Specifications F436 and F436M.
2.4 Federal Specification:
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
QQ-P-416 Plating, Cadmium (Electrodeposited)
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for washers under this specification shall in-
2. Referenced Documents
clude:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1 Quantity (number of pieces of same item and size).
A29/A29M SpecificationforGeneralRequirementsforSteel
3.1.2 Name of item (steel plain washers).
Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
3.1.3 Size (Nominal inside diameter and thickness. Include
A568/A568M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon,
outside diameter, when required).
Structural,andHigh-Strength,Low-Alloy,Hot-Rolledand
3.2 The following requirements are optional and may be
Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for
specified when required:
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
3.2.1 Dimensions if other than B18.22.1, Type A.
cal Analysis of Steel Products
3.2.2 Finish if other than oiled (see 4.3 through 4.3.6).
B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on
3.2.3 Chemical composition, if required (see 5.1.2).
Iron and Steel
3.2.4 Hardness, if required (see 6.2).
B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
3.2.5 Shipment lot Testing, if required (see 9.2).
posited on Iron and Steel
3.2.6 Test Reports, if required (see Section 12).
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
3.2.7 Marking, if required (see 14.1).
F436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
3.2.8 For establishment of a part identifying system, see
F436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric)
ASME B18.24.
F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Proper-
ties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Material—The washers shall be punched from hot-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of Committee F16 on Fasteners and
rolled, hot-rolled and pickled, or cold-rolled steel; or shall be
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivets and
Washers. Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Origi-
nallyapprovedin1983.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2007asF844 – 07a.DOI:
10.1520/F0844-07AR13. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.asme.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue,
the ASTM website. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil/
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F844−07a (2013)
machined from bar stock or tubing; or shall be forged at the 5.1.2 When required, the washers shall be specified to
manufacturer’s option. conform to specific chemical requirements.
4.2 Burr Removal—The washers shall be tumbled, vibrated,
5.2 Manufacturer’s Analysis—When specific chemical re-
or otherwise processed to minimize burrs. quirements have been specified and test reports are required,
the manufacturer shall make individual analyses of randomly
4.3 Protective Finishes:
selected washers from the product to be shipped and report the
4.3.1 Unprotected Washers—Unlessotherwisespecified,the
results to the purchaser. In addition, if heat and lot identities
washer shall be furnished plain, with no protective finish other
have been maintained, the analysis of the raw material from
than oil to minimize rusting.
whichthefastenershavebeenmanufacturedshall,attheoption
4.3.2 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited:
of the manufacturer, be reported instead of product analysis.
4.3.2.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the pur-
chasershallspecifythezinc-coatingprocess,suchas“hotdip,”
5.3 Product Analysis—When specific chemical require-
“mechanically deposited,” or “no preference.”
ments have been specified, the purchaser reserves the right to
4.3.2.2 When “hot-dip” is specified, the washers shall be
conductproductanalysesonthefinishedwashersorrequestthe
zinc-coatedbyhotdippinginaccordancewiththerequirements
manufacturer to conduct product analyses. The chemical com-
of Specification F2329.
positionthusdeterminedshallconformtothespecifiedrequire-
4.3.2.3 When “mechanically deposited” is specified, the
mentssubjecttothestandardpermissiblevariationsforproduct
washers shall be zinc-coated by mechanical deposition in
analysis in Specification A568/A568M for washers punched
accordance with the requirements of Class 55 of Specification
from sheet; and Specification A29/A29M for washers ma-
B695.
chined from bar and tubing, or forged.
4.3.2.4 When “no preference” is specified, the supplier shall
furnish either a hot-dip zinc coating in accordance with
6. Mechanical Properties
Specification F2329, or a mechanically deposited zinc coating
6.1 Unless otherwise specified, the washers are not fur-
in accordance with Specification B695, Class 55.
nished to mechanical requirements.
4.3.3 Cadmium Plating—Cadmium plated washers shall be
6.2 When required and specified, the washers shall conform
cadmium plated by electrodeposition and yellow chromate
treated in accordance with Federal Specification QQ-P-416, to the specified hardness.
Type II, Class 3.
4.3.4 Zinc Plating, Electroplated and Mechanically Depos- 7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
ited:
7.1 Standard Dimensions—Unless otherwise specified, the
4.3.4.1 When zinc plated washers are required, the pur-
dimensionshallbeinaccordancewithB18.22.1,Tables1Aand
chaser shall specify the zinc plating process such as “electro-
Tables 1B for Type A washers. Where narrow (N) and wide
plating” or “mechanical plating” or “no prefere
...

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5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
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ASTM D6416/D6416M-16(2024)(Test Method)
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5.1 This test method simulates the hydrostatic loading conditions which are often present in actual sandwich structures, such as marine hulls. This test method can be used to compare the two-dimensional flexural stiffness of a sandwich composite made with different combinations of materials or with different fabrication processes. Since it is based on distributed loading rather than concentrated loading, it may also provide more realistic information on the failure mechanisms of sandwich structures loaded in a similar manner. Test data should be useful for design and engineering, material specification, quality assurance, and process development. In addition, data from this test method would be useful in refining predictive mathematical models or computer code for use as structural design tools. Properties that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Panel surface deflection at load,  
5.1.2 Panel face-sheet strain at load,  
5.1.3 Panel bending stiffness,  
5.1.4 Panel shear stiffness,  
5.1.5 Panel strength, and  
5.1.6 Panel failure modes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the two-dimensional flexural properties of sandwich composite plates subjected to a distributed load. The test fixture uses a relatively large square panel sample which is simply supported all around and has the distributed load provided by a water-filled bladder. This type of loading differs from the procedure of Test Method C393, where concentrated loads induce one-dimensional, simple bending in beam specimens.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to composite structures of the sandwich type which involve a relatively thick layer of core material bonded on both faces with an adhesive to thin-face sheets composed of a denser, higher-modulus material, typically, a polymer matrix reinforced with high-modulus fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D3019/D3019M-17(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Lap Cement Used with Asphalt Roll Roofing, Non-Fibered, and Fibered

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the physical requirements and testing of three types of lap cement for use with asphalt roll roofing. Type I is a brushing consistency lap cement intended for use in the exposed-nailing method of roll roofing application, and contains no mineral or other stabilizers. This type is further divided into two grades, as follows: Grade 1, which is made with an air-blown asphalt; and Grade 2, which is made with a vacuum-reduced or steam-refined asphalt. Both Types II and III, on the other hand, are heavy brushing or light troweling consistency lap cement intended for use in the concealed-nailing method of roll roofing application, only that Type II cement contains a quantity of short-fibered asbestos, while Type III cement contains a quantity of mineral or other stabilizers, or both, but contains no asbestos. The lap cements shall be sampled for testing, and shall adhere to specified values of the following properties: water content; distillation (total distillate at given temperatures); softening point of residue; solubility in trichloroethylene; and strength at indicated age.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lap cement consisting of asphalt dissolved in a volatile petroleum solvent with or without mineral or other stabilizers, or both, for use with roll roofing. The fibered version of these cements excludes the use of asbestos fibers.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat applies only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
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