ASTM D116-86(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the properties covered herein may be of more importance for a given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for testing these ceramic materials.
Pertinent statements of the significance of individual properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such properties.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for completed insulators.
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Designation:D116 −86(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Methods for
Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for
C329Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic
completed insulators.
Whiteware Materials
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed
C373Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,
specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed
ApparentPorosity,andApparentSpecificGravityofFired
specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or
Whiteware Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles
unglazed specimens were tested.
C408Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
Ceramics
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:
C539Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-
Procedure Section
lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware
Compressive strength 6 C773
Materials by Interferometric Method
Dielectric strength 13 D618, D149
C623Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
Elastic properties 8 C623
Electrical resistivity 15 D618, D257, D1829
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
Flexural strength 7 C674, F417
Resonance
Hardness 9 C730, E18
C674Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic
Porosity 5 C373
Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D150, D2149, D2520
Whiteware Materials
Specific gravity 4 C20, C329, F77
C730Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Glass
Thermal conductivity 10 C177, C408
C773Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of
Thermal expansion 12 C539, E288
Thermal shock resistance 11
Fired Whiteware Materials
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the D149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- at Commercial Power Frequencies
D150Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specificprecaution tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
D257Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.
Insulating Materials
2. Referenced Documents
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1829Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
C20Test Methods forApparent Porosity, WaterAbsorption,
Materials at Elevated Temperatures (Withdrawn 2001)
D2149Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on
And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of
cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
Subcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
D2520Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric
Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D116 – 86 (2006).
DOI: 10.1520/D0116-86R11.
crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
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D116−86 (2011)
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma- 5.4.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
terials pressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
E288Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks testspecimenwhenimmersedinthedyesolutionwitharrange-
F77Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics for ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure for
Electron Device and Semiconductor Application (With- the required time.
drawn 2001)
5.4.2 Reagent—Afuchsine dye solution consisting of1gof
F417Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-
basic fuchsine in 1 Lof 50% reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.
ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics (Withdrawn 2001)
5.4.3 Specimens—The specimens shall be freshly broken
fragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparently
3. Significance and Use
unshatteredsurfacesexposed.Atleast75%oftheareaofsuch
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the
specimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
properties covered herein may be of more importance for a
Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension up
given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it
to 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.
may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for
5.4.4 Procedure:
testing these ceramic materials.
5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-
ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual
properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such 5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10% for
approximately 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10000
properties.
psi) 6 10% for 6 h may be used.
4. Specific Gravity
5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the test
4.1 Scope—Three methods are given, providing for pressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,
rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible for
accuracy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.
visual examination.
4.2 Significance and Use—Specific gravity measurements
5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye into
provide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramic
the ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye.
material.The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimated
Disregardanypenetrationintosmallfissuresformedinprepar-
from such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical,
ing the test specimen.
thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.
5.4.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the
4.3 Procedure:
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in
4.3.1 Whenthedestructionofthespecimencanbetolerated
5.4.4.4.
and the highest precision is required, determine the specific
5.4.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for
gravity in accordance with Test Method C329.
many years, but no statement for precision has been made and
4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen and
noactivityisplannedtodevelopsuchastatement.Astatement
less precise values are acceptable, determine the specific
ofbiasisunavailableinviewofthelackofastandardreference
gravity in accordance with Test Methods C20.
material for this property.
4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-
mine the specific gravity in accordance withTest Method F77. 5.5 Method C—Dye Penetration Under Atmospheric Pres-
sure:
5. Porosity
5.5.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
5.1 Scope—Three methods are given based on the relative open-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
porosity of the specimens. test specimens when immersed in the dye solution.
5.5.2 Reagent—The fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.
5.2 Significance—Amountofporosityofaspecimenisused
5.5.3 Specimens—The specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.
as a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.
5.5.4 Procedure:
5.3 Method A:
5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-
5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (water
merse completely in the fuchsine solution.
absorptiongreaterthan0.1%),determinetheporosityaswater
5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 min
absorption in accordance with Test Method C373.
or longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon as
NOTE 1—Test Method C373 has been found suitable for determining
possible for visual examination.
water absorption in the range of 0.1%, although that method was derived
5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration into the ceramic
specifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0%.
body to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard any
5.3.2 An alternative to MethodA, using gas as a fluid, may
penetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of the
4,5
be found in the literature.
specimens.
5.4 Method B—Dye Penetration Under Pressure:
4 5
Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity of Navias,Louis,“MetalPorosimeterforDeterminingthePoreVolumeofHighly
HighlyVitrifiedBodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society,Vol5,1922,pp. Vitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp.
527–535. 816–821.
D116−86 (2011)
5.5.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the of differentiating between samples. Method B requires prepa-
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in ration of a polished section of the specimen and has an
5.5.4.3. extended limit of differentiation between samples.
5.5.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for
9.2 Significance and Use—Hardness can be used as an
many years, but no statement for precision has been made and
easilyobtainedindicatorofthethermalmaturityofaspecimen,
noactivityisplannedtodevelopsuchastatement.Astatement
particularly when used in conjunction with the specimen
ofbiasisunavailableinviewofthelackofastandardreference
specific gravity.
material for this property.
9.3 Procedure:
6. Compressive Strength
9.3.1 Method A—Determine the Rockwell superficial hard-
ness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type N
6.1 Scope—These methods provide for the determination of
Scale and a 45-kg major load.
the compressive (crushing) strengths of the full range of
9.3.2 Method B—Determine the Knoop hardness in accor-
ceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.
dance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a
6.2 Significance and Use—Since many ceramic insulators
1-kg load.
are subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of this
property is important. The test yields data that are useful for
10. Thermal Conductivity
purposesofdesign,specification,qualitycontrol,research,and
10.1 Scope—The recommended procedures allow the deter-
in the comparison of ceramic materials.
minationofthethermalconductivityofceramicmaterialsfrom
6.3 Procedure—Determine compressive strength in accor-
40 to 150°C (100 to 300°F).
dance with Test Method C773.
10.2 Significance—A ceramic insulator may be subjected
7. Flexural Strength frequentlytothermalshockorrequiredtodissipateheatenergy
from electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivity
7.1 Scope:
characteristics are useful in designing ceramic insulators for
7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for testing
service, research, quality control, and comparison of ceramic
a material for characterization purposes and for testing the
compositions.
material constituting the finished ware.
7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions, 10.3 Procedure—Determine the thermal conductivity in ac-
when relatively large specimens may be easily produced, cordance with Test Method C408.
Method A is recommended. Method B is acceptable.
NOTE 2—If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperature
7.1.3 When specimens must be cut from a fired sample
range of a lower order of magnitude than those obtainable using Test
Method B is recommended.
Method C408 are required, Test Method C177 may be used.
7.2 Significance and Use—Flexural strength correlates with
11. Thermal Shock Resistance
other mechanical strength properties and is generally the
11.1 Scope—These thermal shock tests may be used for the
easiest and most economical test procedure available. The
determination of the resistance of a given ceramic material to
values are useful for purposes of design, quality control,
simulated environmental heat service conditions.
research, and the comparison of different ceramic composi-
tions.
11.2 Significance and Use—These tests serve as an evalua-
tion of the resistance of a particular ceramic composition,
7.3 Procedure:
shape, and dimension to temperature stress relative to another
7.3.1 Method A—Determine the flexural strength in accor-
composition of the same shape and dimensions.
dance with Test Methods C674.
7.3.2 Method B—Microbar MOR Test—Determine the flex-
11.3 Hazards—(Warning—Acetone vapors are flammable
ural strength in accordance with Test Method F417.
and poisonous and should not be breathed. The bath in 11.4.2
shall be operated in a vented hood with no open flames or
8. Elastic Properties
sparks nearby.)
8.1 Scope—This method obtains, as a function of
(Warning—Under certain conditions some ceramic speci-
temperature,Young’s modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus
mens can disintegrate explosively, sending out fragments at
(modulus of rigidity), and Poisson’s ratio for vitrified ceramic
damage-producing velocities and causing splashing of bath
materials.
mediums.)
(Warning—Face shields, long-sleeve coat, and insulating
8.2 Significance and Use—The elastic properties of a ce-
gloves shall be worn by test personnel to prevent injury.)
ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-
cations and give indications of relative rigidity of a material.
11.4 Apparatus:
11.4.1 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at <1°C (1.8°F) and
8.3 Procedure—Determine the elastic properties in accor-
consisting of chopped ice and water.
dance with Test Method C623.
11.4.2 Liquid Cold Bath,maintainedat−75 62°C(−103 6
9. Hardness
3.6°F) and consisting of acetone and chopped dry ice.
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