ASTM D5876-95(2012)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wireline casing advancement may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use with circulating air under pressure for sampling water-sensitive materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2).3 Several advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materials when casing is not used and the possible volatilization of contaminants and air-borne dust. Air drilling may not be satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both, when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cutti...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices. Note 1—The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2—This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluid rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to describe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the center pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide addresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod (casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be performed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or drag bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance with Practice D2113.
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administratio...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D5876 − 95 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation
of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in February 2012.
1. Scope 1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenviron-
mental exploration will often involve safety planning,
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary
administration, and documentation. This guide does not pur-
casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be
port to specifically address exploration and site safety.
used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 1—The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information
between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
NOTE 2—This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluid or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
describe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the center
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
addressescasing-advancementequipmentinwhichthedrillrod
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
(casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with
document means only that the document has been approved
application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline
drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be
2. Referenced Documents
performedwithoutsamplingbyusingapilotrollerconeordrag
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
maybecontinuouslyorincrementallysampledbyreplacingthe
Fluids
pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance
Borings
with Practice D2113.
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to Barrel Sampling of Soils
be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
parentheses are for information only. Geotechnical Purposes
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
Rock for Site Exploration
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5876 – 95 (2005). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5876-95R12E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D5876 − 95 (2012)
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter
Drive Sampling of Soils pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a nonclogging filter when
D4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, as a
Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test development.
D4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and 3.2.7.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances, a clean,
Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, a
surements Using Pressure Pulse Technique prepacked screen may be used.
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
3.2.8 head space—on a double- or triple-tube wireline core
Used at Waste Sites
barrel it is the spacing adjustment made between the pilot-shoe
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater
leading edge and the inner kerf of the outer-tube cutting bit.
Monitoring Wells
Spacing should be about ⁄16 in. or roughly, the thickness of a
D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
matchbook. (The head-space adjustment is made by removing
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
the inner-barrel assembly, loosening the lock nut on the
D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
hanger-bearing shaft and either tightening or loosening the
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
threaded shaft until the inner barrel is moved the necessary
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
distance, up or down, to obtain the correct setting. Reassemble
D5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-
the inner- and outer-barrel assemblies, attach the barrel to the
Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration
drill rod or a wireline and suspend vertically allowing the
and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-
inner-barrel assembly to hang freely inside the outer barrel on
ing Devices
the inner hanger-bearing assembly. Check the head space. It is
imperativethattheadjustmentiscorrecttoensurethattheinner
3. Terminology
barrel is free to rotate without contacting the outer barrel. If
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
incorrectly adjusted, the inner barrel will ''hang up” and rotate
in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
withtheouterbarrelasthecoreisbeingcut.Thiswillcausethe
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: core to break and block entry of core into the inner barrel.)
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
3.2.9 grout shoe—a drillable “plug” containing a check
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
valve that is positioned within the lowermost section of a
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
casing column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
3.2.2 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped
another casing.
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Thecompositionofthedrillable“plug”
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
should be known and documented.
water-quality analysis).
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
3.2.3 cleanout depth—the depth to which the end of the drill
plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positioned
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
3.2.11 intermittent sampling devices—usually barrel-type
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to lower,
(0.03 m).
drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of an
3.2.4 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10 increment of drilling. The user is referred to the following
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
60 standards relating to suggested sampling methods and proce-
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
10 dures: Practice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550,
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
and Practice D1587.
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
3.2.12 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
3.2.5 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole
boring.
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
3.2.6 drill string—the complete rotary drilling assembly some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may
under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods, and
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly require lowering and setting of the device(s) in preexisting
boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface. rods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctly
position the device(s) in the borehole.
3.2.7 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or primary
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The 3.2.13 lead distance—the mechanically adjusted length or
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected distance that the inner-barrel cutting shoe is set to extend
grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring beyond the outer core-barrel cutting bit in order to minimize
´1
D5876 − 95 (2012)
possible core-erosion damage that can be caused by the dated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-
circulating drilling-fluid media. Lead distance is checked by advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a
vertically suspending the entire core-barrel assembly from a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as
wireline or from a section of drill rod so that the inner-barrel long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-
can hang freely from the upper inner-barrel swivel assembly. advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-
The cutting shoe extension below the outer core-barrel cutting penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added
bit can then be checked. The “stiffer” or more competent the benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective
formation to be cored, the less the extension of the inner-barrel casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of
cutting shoe is necessary to avoid core erosion. the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only
be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the
3.2.14 overshot—alatchingmechanismlocatedattheendof
inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
thehoistingline.Itisspeciallydesignedtolatchontoorrelease
5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use
pilot bit or core-barrel assemblies.
withcirculatingairunderpressureforsamplingwater-sensitive
3.2.15 pilot bit assembly—design to lock into the end
materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in
section of drill rod for drilling without sampling. The pilot bit
cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2). Several
can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types. The bit
advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other
can be set to protrude from the rod coring bit depending on
methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through
formation conditions.
consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the
3.2.16 sub—a substitute or adaptor used to connect from
introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary
one size or type of threaded drill rod or tool connection to
drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the
another.
borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sand-
stones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based
3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitoring device— an in-
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drill-
ing may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated
analyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure- materials when casing is not used and the possible volatiliza-
tionofcontaminantsandair-bornedust.Airdrillingmaynotbe
ments.
satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both,
3.2.18 wireline drilling—a rotary drilling process which
when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances,
uses special enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with special
water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air
latching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or lowered
stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return.
inside the rods with a wireline and overshot latching mecha-
Useofwaterorotheradditives,orboth,shouldbedocumented.
nism.
The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing of the
4. Summary of Practice formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if
drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained
4.1 Wireline drilling is a rotary drilling process that uses
and monitored. If borehole damage becomes apparent, other
spe
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.