ASTM D5876-95(2005)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Wireline casing advancement may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Use of direct-rotary wireline casing-advancement drilling methods with fluids are applicable to a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use with circulating air under pressure for sampling water-sensitive materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2). Several advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materials when casing is not used and the possible volatilization of contaminants and air-borne dust. Air drilling may not be satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both, when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1—The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2—This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluid rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to describe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the center pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide addresses casing-advancement equipment in which the drill rod (casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be performed without sampling by using a pilot roller cone or drag bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material may be continuously or incrementally sampled by replacing the pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance with Practice D2113.
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administrat...
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5876 − 95(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation
of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope administration, and documentation. This guide does not pur-
port to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) wireline rotary
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
NOTE 1—The term “direct” with respect to the rotary drilling method of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid or air is injected
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information
through a drill-rod column to rotating bit(s) or coring bit. The fluid or air
cools the bit(s) and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
between the drill rod column and the borehole wall.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
NOTE 2—This guide does not include all of the procedures for fluid
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
rotary systems which are addressed in a separate guide, Guide D5783.
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
1.2 The term “casing advancement” is sometimes used to
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
describe rotary wireline drilling because at any time, the center
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
pilot bit or core barrel assemblies may be removed and the
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
large inside diameter drill rods can act as a temporary casing
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
for testing or installation of monitoring devices. This guide
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
addressescasing-advancementequipmentinwhichthedrillrod
document means only that the document has been approved
(casing) is advanced by rotary force applied to the bit with
through the ASTM consensus process.
application of static downforce to aid in the cutting process.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This guide includes several forms of rotary wireline
drilling configurations. General borehole advancement may be 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
performedwithoutsamplingbyusingapilotrollerconeordrag
bit until the desired depth is reached. Alternately, the material Fluids
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
maybecontinuouslyorincrementallysampledbyreplacingthe
pilot bit with a core-barrel assembly designed for coring either Borings
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
rock or soil. Rock coring should be performed in accordance
with Practice D2113. Barrel Sampling of Soils
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to
Geotechnical Purposes
be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
parentheses are for information only.
Rock for Site Investigation
1.5 Direct rotary wireline drilling methods for geoenviron-
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
mental exploration will often involve safety planning,
Drive Sampling of Soils
D4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5876 – 95 (2000). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5876-95R05. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5876 − 95 (2005)
Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, as a
D4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea- development.
surements Using Pressure Pulse Technique 3.2.7.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances, a clean,
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases, a
Used at Waste Sites prepacked screen may be used.
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
3.2.8 head space—on a double- or triple-tube wireline core
Monitoring Wells
barrel it is the spacing adjustment made between the pilot-shoe
D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
leading edge and the inner kerf of the outer-tube cutting bit.
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
Spacing should be about ⁄16 in. or roughly, the thickness of a
D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
matchbook. (The head-space adjustment is made by removing
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
the inner-barrel assembly, loosening the lock nut on the
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
hanger-bearing shaft and either tightening or loosening the
D5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-
threaded shaft until the inner barrel is moved the necessary
Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration
distance, up or down, to obtain the correct setting. Reassemble
and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-
the inner- and outer-barrel assemblies, attach the barrel to the
ing Devices
drill rod or a wireline and suspend vertically allowing the
inner-barrel assembly to hang freely inside the outer barrel on
3. Terminology
the inner hanger-bearing assembly. Check the head space. It is
imperativethattheadjustmentiscorrecttoensurethattheinner
3.1 Definitions—Terminology used within this guide is in
barrel is free to rotate without contacting the outer barrel. If
accordance with Terminology D653 with the addition of the
incorrectly adjusted, the inner barrel will ``hang up” and rotate
following:
withtheouterbarrelasthecoreisbeingcut.Thiswillcausethe
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
core to break and block entry of core into the inner barrel.)
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
3.2.9 grout shoe—a drillable ``plug” containing a check
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
valve that is positioned within the lowermost section of a
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
casing column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
3.2.2 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped
another casing.
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
3.2.9.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
``plug” should be known and documented.
water-quality analysis).
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
3.2.3 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill
plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positioned
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
3.2.11 intermittent sampling devices—usually barrel-type
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to lower,
(0.03 m).
drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of an
3.2.4 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
increment of drilling. The user is referred to the following
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
standards relating to suggested sampling methods and proce-
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
dures: Practice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550,
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
and Practice D1587.
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
3.2.12 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
3.2.5 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole
boring.
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
3.2.6 drill string—the complete rotary drilling assembly some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
underrotationincludingbit,sampler/corebarrel,drillrods,and transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly require lowering and setting of the device(s) in preexisting
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.
rods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctly
position the device(s) in the borehole.
3.2.7 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or primary
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The 3.2.13 lead distance—the mechanically adjusted length or
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected distance that the inner-barrel cutting shoe is set to extend
grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring beyond the outer core-barrel cutting bit in order to minimize
device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter possible core-erosion damage that can be caused by the
pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a nonclogging filter when circulating drilling-fluid media. Lead distance is checked by
D5876 − 95 (2005)
vertically suspending the entire core-barrel assembly from a wide variety of consolidated or unconsolidated materials as
wireline or from a section of drill rod so that the inner-barrel long as fluid circulation can be maintained. Wireline casing-
can hang freely from the upper inner-barrel swivel assembly. advancement drilling offers the advantages of high drilling-
The cutting shoe extension below the outer core-barrel cutting penetration rates in a wide variety of materials with the added
bit can then be checked. The ``stiffer” or more competent the benefit of the large-diameter drilling rod serving as protective
formation to be cored, the less the extension of the inner-barrel casing. Wireline coring does not require tripping in and out of
cutting shoe is necessary to avoid core erosion. the hole each time a core is obtained. The drill rods need only
be removed when the coring bit is worn or damaged or if the
3.2.14 overshot—alatchingmechanismlocatedattheendof
inner core barrel becomes stuck in the outer barrel.
thehoistingline.Itisspeciallydesignedtolatchontoorrelease
5.1.1 Wireline casing advancers may be adapted for use
pilot bit or core-barrel assemblies.
withcirculatingairunderpressureforsamplingwater-sensitive
3.2.15 pilot bit assembly—design to lock into the end
materials where fluid exposure may alter the core or in
section of drill rod for drilling without sampling. The pilot bit
cavernous materials or lost circulation occurs (1, 2). Several
can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types. The bit
advantages of using the air-rotary drilling method over other
can be set to protrude from the rod coring bit depending on
methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through
formation conditions.
consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the
3.2.16 sub—a substitute or adaptor used to connect from
introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary
one size or type of threaded drill rod or tool connection to
drilling techniques are usually employed to advance the
another.
borehole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sand-
stones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based
3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitoring device— an in-
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drill-
ing may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated
analyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure- materials when casing is not used and the possible volatiliza-
tionofcontaminantsandair-bornedust.Airdrillingmaynotbe
ments.
satisfactory in unconsolidated or cohesionless soils, or both,
3.2.18 wireline drilling—a rotary drilling process which
when drilling below the groundwater table. In some instances,
uses special enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with special
water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air
latching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or lowered
stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return.
inside the rods with a wireline and overshot latching mecha-
Useofwaterorotheradditives,orboth,shouldbedocumented.
nism.
The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing of the
4. Summary of Practice formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if
drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained
4.1 Wireline drilling is a rotary drilling process that uses
and monitored. If borehole damage becomes apparent, other
special enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with special
drilling method(s) should be considered.
latching pilot bits or core barrels which are raised or lowered
5.1.2 When air is
...
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