ASTM D5438-00
(Practice)Standard Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
Standard Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of a sample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can be analyzed for lead, pesticides, or other chemical compounds and elements.
1.2 This practice is applicable to a variety of carpeted and bare floor surfaces. It has been tested for level loop and plush pile carpets and bare wood floors, specifically.
1.3 This practice is not intended for the collection and evaluation of dust for the presence of asbestos fibers.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D 5438 – 00
Standard Practice for
Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5438; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope larger, embedded in carpet pile and normally removable by
household vacuum cleaners.
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of a
3.1.2 surface dust—soil and other particulate matter, ap-
sample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can be
proximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger,
analyzedforlead,pesticides,orotherchemicalcompoundsand
adhering to floor surfaces and normally removable by house-
elements.
hold vacuum cleaners.
1.2 This practice is applicable to a variety of carpeted and
bare floor surfaces. It has been tested for level loop and plush
4. Summary of Practice
pile carpets and bare wood floors, specifically.
4.1 The sampling method described in this practice is taken
1.3 This practice is not intended for the collection and
6,7,8 9
from work published in Roberts, et al, and Stamper, et al.
evaluation of dust for the presence of asbestos fibers.
4.2 Particulate matter is withdrawn from the carpet or bare
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
floor by means of a flowing air stream passing through a
standard.
sampling nozzle at a specific velocity and flow rate and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
separated mechanically by a cyclone. The cyclone collects
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
efficiently particles approximately 5-µm mean aerodynamic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
diameter and larger.The sampling system allows for height, air
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
flow, and suction adjustments to reproduce systematically a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specific air velocity for the removal of particulate matter from
2. Referenced Documents carpeted and bare floor surfaces, so that these sampling
conditions can be repeated.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
NOTE 1—Side-by-side comparison of the HVS3 and a conventional
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of upright vacuum cleaner revealed that both collected particles down to at
least 0.2 µm and that the HVS3 was more efficient at collecting particles
Atmospheres
smaller than 20 µm than conventional vacuum cleaners. If desired, a
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
fine-particlefiltermaybeaddeddownstreamofthecyclonetocollect99.9
E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
% of particles above 0.2 µm aerodynamic mean diameter.
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
peratures)
F 608 TestMethodforEvaluationofCarpet-EmbeddedDirt
Removal Effectiveness of Household Vacuum Cleaners
Roberts, J. W., Budd, W. T., Ruby, M. G., Stamper, V. R., Camann, D. E.,
Fortman, R. C., Sheldon, L. S., and Lewis, R. G., “A Small High Volume Surface
3. Terminology Sampler HVS3 for Pesticides, and Other Toxic Substances in House Dust,” Paper
No. 91-150.2, 84th Annual Meeting, Air & Waste Management Association,
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
Vancouver, British Columbia, June 16–21, 1991.
tice, refer to Terminology D 1356. Roberts, J. W., and Ruby, M. G., “Development of a High Volume Surface
Sampler for Pesticides,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA
3.1.1 carpet-embedded dust—soilandotherparticulatemat-
600/4-88/036, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1989.
ter, approximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and
Roberts, J. W., Han, W., and Ruby, M. G., “Evaluation of Dust Samplers for
Bare Floors and Upholstery,” Battelle Subcontract No. 46534(g21733808)-00
03EQ, EPAPrime Contract No. 68-00-0007, U.S. EPA,AREAL, Office of Research
and Development, 1993.
1 9
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling Stamper, V. R., Roberts, J. W., and Ruby, M. G., “Development of a High
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Volume Small Surface Sampler for Pesticide and Toxics in House Dust,” Research
D22.05 on Indoor Air. Triangle Institute Report No. RTI/171-01/02F, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally 1990.Includedinsupportingdata,whichareonfileatASTMHeadquarters.Request
published as D 5438 – 93. Last previous edition D 5438 – 94. RR:D22-1010.
2 10
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08. Willis, R. D., “SEM Characterization of House Dusts Collected by Conven-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. tional Vacuum and the HVS3 Sampler.” Report to the U.S. EPA under Contract
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. 68–D5–0049, Research Triangle Park, NC, ManTech Environmental Technology,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07. Inc., 1995.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5438–00
4.3 The particulate matter in the air stream is collected in a 7.1.1 The dimensions of the sampling apparatus (nozzle
catch bottle attached to the bottom of the collection cyclone. size, cyclone diameter, cyclone inlet diameter, etc.) are inter-
This catch bottle shall be capped for storage of the sample and dependent. The flow rate must produce a sufficient velocity
transported to the laboratory for analysis. both at the sampled surface and in the cyclone. The cyclone
must have a cut diameter of 5 µm at the same velocity that will
5. Significance and Use
provide a horizontal velocity of 40 cm/s at 10 mm from the
5.1 This practice may be used to collect dust from carpeted nozzle in the carpet material, or 5 mm from the nozzle on bare
or bare floor surfaces for gravimetric or chemical analysis.The
floors. The fundamental principles of this device have been
6,7,8
collected sample is substantially unmodified by the sampling discussed in detail in Roberts, et al.
procedure.
FIG. 1 Floor Dust Sampler Using a Commercial Vacuum Cleaner as the Suction Source
5.2 This practice provides for a reproducible dust removal 7.1.2 Nozzle—The edges and corners of the sampling
rate from level loop and plush carpets, as well as bare floors. It nozzleshallberoundedtopreventcatchingthecarpetmaterial.
has the ability to achieve relatively constant removal efficiency The nozzle must be constructed to allow for sufficient suction
to separate loose particles from the carpet or bare floor and
at different loadings of surface dust.
5.3 This practice also provides for the efficient capture of carry them to the cyclone. It must have an adjustment mecha-
semivolatile organic chemicals associated with the dust. The nism to establish the nozzle lip parallel to the surface and to
test system can be fitted with special canisters downstream of achieve the proper suction velocity and pressure drop across
the cyclone for the capture of specific semivolatile organic the nozzle. A nozzle 12.4 cm long and 1 cm wide, with a
chemicals that may volatilize from the dust particles during 13-mm flange and tapered to the nozzle tubing at no more than
collection. 30°, will yield the appropriate velocities when operated as
5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evalua- specified in Section 11.
tion of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential human
7.1.3 Gaskets—Gaskets in joints should be of a material
exposure to carpet dust. It is the user’s responsibility to
appropriate to avoid sample contamination.
evaluate the data collected by this practice and make such
7.1.4 Cyclone—The cyclone shall be of a specific size such
determinations in the light of other available information.
that a given air flow allows for separation of the particles 5-µm
mean aerodynamic diameter and larger. The cyclone must be
6. Interferences
made of aluminum or stainless steel, and the catch bottle must
6.1 There are no known interferences to the determination
be made of clear glass or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)
of dust loadings covered by this practice.
to avoid contamination and allow the operator to see the
sample.
7. Apparatus
7.1.5 Flow Control System—The flow control system shall
7.1 Sampling Apparatus, which may be acquired commer-
allow for substantial volume adjustment. The suction source
cially (as shown in Fig. 1) or constructed as follows:
must be capable of drawing 12 L/s (26.5 CFM) through the
system with no restrictions other than the nozzle, cyclone, and
flowcontrolsystemconnected.Anuprightcommercialvacuum
The sampling device used in the development and performance evaluation of
cleaner with a 7 amp or greater motor capable of pulling a
this test method was manufactured by CS-3, Inc., P.O. Box 1461, Sandpoint, ID
83864, which is the sole source of supply of the sampler known to the committee
vacuum of 6.5 kPa may be used for this purpose.
atthistime.Ifyouareawareofalternativesuppliers,pleaseprovidethisinformation
7.1.6 Flow Measuring and Suction Gages— Two vacuum
to the Committee on Standards, ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West
gages are required — one with a range of 0 to 3.7 kPa (0–15
Conshohocken, PA 19428. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. in. water) is used for setting flow rate and another with a range
D5438–00
of 0 to 2.5 kPa (0–10 in. water) is used to set the pressure drop is, temperature gage) used for testing purposes should be
across the vacuum nozzle. calibrated against a primary standard.
7.1.7 Optional filter holder assembly with appropriate fine 10.1.1 Pressure Gages—Pressure gages shall be calibrated
particle filter, such as a 25–cm micro-quartz-fibre, binderless, against an inclined manometer or other primary standard prior
acid-washed filter. to any field test. One means of checking a Magnehelic gage is
7.2 Other Equipment: to set a flow rate through the sampling system with a
7.2.1 Stopwatch. manometer and then switch to the Magnehelic gage. If the
7.2.2 Masking Tape and Marking Pen,foroutliningsections difference in the readings is more than 3 %, the gage is leaking
for sampling. orisinneedofrepairorcalibration.Thisshouldbedoneattwo
7.2.3 Clean Aluminum Foil and Clean Glass or FEP Jars, different flow rates when checking the gage.
for the collection and storage of samples. 10.1.2 The cyclone flow measurement is calibrated with a
7.2.4 Thermometer (see Specification E 1). laminar flow element, spirometer, or roots meter. See the
7.2.5 Relative Humidity Meter (see Test Method E 337). appendix for cyclone calibration with a laminar flow element.
7.2.6 Shaker Sieve, as specified in Test Method D 422, with 10.2 Pretest Preparation:
100 mesh-screen above the pan to separate the fine dust below 10.2.1 Each catch bottle to be used shall be clean and
150 µm. inspected for any contamination.The bottles should be marked
7.2.7 Analytical Balance, sensitive to at least 0.1 mg and with masking tape and a marking pen for identification of the
having a weighing range from 0.1 mg to 1000 g. test site, time, and date.
10.2.2 Thesamplingtrainshallbeinspectedtoensurethatit
8. Reagents and Materials
has been cleaned and assembled properly.
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
10.2.3 The sampling train shall be leak-checked prior to
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that sampling. This can be accomplished by placing a mailing
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
envelope or a piece of cardboard beneath the nozzle and
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, switching on the suction source. The flow Magnehelic gage
where such specifications are available.
should read 5 Pa (0.02 in. H O) or less to ensure that the
8.2 Methanol is required for sampling train cleaning after system is leak free. If any leakage is detected, the system shall
sample collection.
be inspected for the cause and corrected before use.
11. Sampling
9. Sampling Strategy
11.1 Sampling a Carpeted Floor:
9.1 The overall sampling strategy should be designed to
11.1.1 Pre-Test Survey—Immediately prior to testing, com-
address the goals of the study. Users should consider factors
plete a data form recording all requested information and
such as foot traffic volume, types of activities, proximity to
sketch the area to be sampled. (See Fig. 2 for a sample data
potential sources, etc. The sampling strategy should be de-
form.)
scribed in the sampling report so it can be taken into consid-
erationwhenreadersarecomparingloadingsorconcentrations, 11.1.2 Select a sampling area according to the established
protocol for your sampling campaign. This should be deter-
or both, to those obtained from other studies. The ideal
sampling location(s) for the beginning of the test procedure are mined prior to testing.
11.1.3 A typical sampling procedure may use measuring
an area that conforms with the protocol for the user’s overall
sampling strategy. For example, when sampling in a home for tapesplacedonthecarpetsothattheyareparalleltoeachother
and on either side of the portion of carpet to be sampled (Fig.
child exposure assessment, protocol may require the selection
of a carpeted area for sampling where small children play or 3).Themeasuringtapesshouldbebetween0.5and1.5-mapart
and extended as far as practical. They should be taped to the
are likely to play.
carpet with masking tape every 30 cm.
10. Pretest Preparation and Calibration
11.1.4 Place the sampler in one corner of the sampling area
10.1 Calibration—The sampling system described in this andadjusttheflowrateandpressuredropaccordingtothetype
practice does not have any calibrated flow devices other than ofcarpet(see11.8).Thetwofactorsthataffecttheefficiencyof
the sampling system are the flow rate and pressure drop at the
the cyclone and the Magnehelic gages. The cyclone used for
the separation of the particles must be designed to give proper nozzle.Thepressuredropatthenozzleisafunctionoftheflow
rate and distance between the surface and the nozzle flange.
separation at varying flow rates throughout the sampling range
of the system. The pressure gages and any other devices (that 11.1.5 Clean the wheels and nozzle lip with a clean labora-
tory tissue immediately before sampling. Begin sampling by
moving the nozzle between the ends of the two measuring
A filter holder for circular 25–cm particle filters
...
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