ASTM C949-80(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determining if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily, some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or commercial quality of the item being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired ware.
Note 1: This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use
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Designation: C949 − 80 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
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Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, 5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determin-
cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise ing if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any
impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily,
ware. some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or
commercial quality of the item being tested.
NOTE 1—This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6. Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
6.1 Vessel, capable of applying and holding a pressure of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
10 000 psi (68.9 MPa).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates a satisfactory device.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
NOTE 2—Fig. 1 does not represent the only possible design or
2. Referenced Documents configuration. It is representative of a device that has been successfully
used.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.1.2 Fig. 2 illustrates an actual device and typical ex-
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
amples.
Products
6.1.3 Fig. 3 illustrates an assembled device, including
2.2 ANSI Standard:
fixture, under pressure.
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C 29.1 Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators
7. Testing Solution
3. Terminology
7.1 Use a solution consisting of1gof basic fuchsine dye
3.1 Definitions:
dissolved in 1 L of 50 % alcohol.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
NOTE 3—The alcohol used should not react with the dye to cause
to Terminology C242.
fading.
4. Summary of Test Method
8. Preparation of Test Specimens
4.1 Randomly selected unglazed fragments of vitreous
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8.1 Use freshly broken fragments, approximately ⁄4 in.
whiteware products are immersed in a fuchsine dye solution, at
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(6 mm) in the smallest dimension, up to ⁄4 in. (19 mm) in the
one or more pressures for prescribed times. After drying, the
largest dimension, of the whiteware ceramic. At least 75 % of
specimens are broken and inspected for the extent of dye
the surface shall be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
penetration into the body, or into defects present in the body.
9. Procedure
9.1 Immersethetestspecimensinthetestingsolutionwithin
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
the pressure chamber, and
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
9.2 Apply a minimum pressure of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) for
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
not less than 5 h, or
approved in 1980. Last previous edition
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C949 − 80 (Reapproved 2012) C949 − 80 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Porosity in
1
Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C949; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise impermeable
whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired ware.
NOTE 1—This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
2.2 ANSI Standard:
3
C 29.1 Test Methods for Electrical Power Insulators
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C242.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Randomly selected unglazed fragments of vitreous whiteware products are immersed in a fuchsine dye solution, at one or
more pressures for prescribed times. After drying, the specimens are broken and inspected for the extent of dye penetration into
the body, or into defects present in the body.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determining if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any extent
may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily, some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or commercial
quality of the item being tested.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Vessel, capable of applying and holding a pressure of 10 000 psi (68.9 MPa).
6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates a satisfactory device.
NOTE 2—Fig. 1 does not represent the only possible design or configuration. It is representative of a device that has been successfully used.
6.1.2 Fig. 2 illustrates an actual device and typical examples.
6.1.3 Fig. 3 illustrates an assembled device, including fixture, under pressure.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.03
on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2016. Published April 2012November 2016. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
C949–80(2007).C949 – 80 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/C0949-80R12.10.1520/C0949-80R16.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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