ASTM E192-04(2010)e1
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications
Standard Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications
SCOPE
1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
Note 1—The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (81/2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm)) in a 9 ¾ by 11½ -in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E192 − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Reference Radiographs of
Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Reapproved with editorial changes throughout in January 2010.
1. Scope cal conversions to SI units that are provided for information
only and are not considered standard.
1.1 Thereferenceradiographsprovidedintheadjuncttothis
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
standard for the specification or grading of castings requires
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
procurement of the adjunct reference radiographs which illus-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
trate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are
intended to provide the following:
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.1 Aguide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting
discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
degree through radiographic examination.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards,
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
specifications and drawings.
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illus-
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
trated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional
Aerospace Applications
discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not
generally regarded as discontinuities. 3. Terminology
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this standard
sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness. may be found in Terminology E1316, Section D.
3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in these
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other
reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses
appearance. The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in this
for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement
standard refer to the optical density of a radiographic film.
has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
Where other radiographic imaging media are used, these terms
NOTE 1—The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the
should be understood to refer to areas of greater or lesser
range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279
radiologic transmission, respectively.
3 1
mm)) in a 9 ⁄4 by 11 ⁄2-in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.
3.2.1 Gas:
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.1.1 gas holes—round or elongated, smooth edged dark
asthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathemati-
spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed ran-
domly throughout the casting.
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
3.2.2 Shrinkage:
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E192 - 04. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0192-04R10E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steel Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
castings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made by the ASTM website.
the lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes. Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order ADJE0192.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E192 − 04 (2010)
TABLE 1 Range of Illustration
3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity— an area with distinct jagged
boundaries. Illustration
Plate Thick- Applicable Casting
3.2.2.2 shrinkage, sponge—an area, lacy in texture, with a
Illustrations
ness, in. Thickness, in. (mm)
very diffuse outline.
(mm)
3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritic—a distribution of very fine
Graded:
1 1
Gas holes ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
lines or small elongated cavities that may vary in darkness and
3 1 1
Gas holes ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
are usually unconnected.
3 1
Gas holes ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentary—usually a continuous struc-
ture of connected lines or branches of variable length, width Shrinkage cavity ⁄4 (19) All thicknesses
and darkness, or occasionally, a network.
1 1
Shrinkage, sponge ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
3.2.3 Heterogeneities: 3 1 1
Shrinkage, sponge ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
3 1
Shrinkage, sponge ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.3.1 foreign material less dense—irregularly shaped in-
dications darker than the adjacent material, but lighter than gas
1 1
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
holes of similar magnitude. 3 1 1
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
3 1
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.3.2 foreign material more dense—irregularly shaped
indications lighter than the adjacent material.
Shrinkage, filamentary ⁄4 (19) All thicknesses
3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities:
1 1
Foreign material, less dense ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
3.2.4.1 hot tears—ragged dark lines of variable width and
3 1 1
Foreign material, less dense ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
numerous branches. They have no definite lines of continuity
3 1
Foreign material, less dense ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
andmayexistingroups.Theymayoriginateinternallyoratthe
Ungraded:
surface.
Discrete Discontinuities:
3.2.4.2 cold cracks— straight or jagged lines usually con-
Foreign material, more
tinuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appear
dense ⁄8 (9.5)
Hot tear ⁄8 (9.5)
singly. They start at the surface.
Cold crack ⁄8 (9.5)
3.2.4.3 cold shut—a distinct dark line or band of variable
Cold shut ⁄8 (9.5)
length and definite smooth outline. 3
Misrun ⁄8 (9.5)
Core shift ⁄8 (9.5)
3.2.4.4 misrun
...
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