ASTM D4992-22

Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The field examination, sampling, and petrographic examination in this practice along with appropriate laboratory testing may be used to determine the suitability of rock for erosion control. Factors to consider include identification and delineation of areas or zones of the rock, beds, and facies of unsuitable or marginal composition and properties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, porosity, and other potentially deleterious characteristics.  
4.2 Evaluate both the rock mass properties and the rock material properties.  
4.2.1 The rock mass properties are the lithologic properties of the in situ rock that are evaluated on a macroscopic scale in the field. These properties include features such as fractures, joints, faults, bedding, schistosity, and lineations, as well as the lateral and vertical extent of the rock unit.  
4.2.2 The rock material properties are those lithologic properties that may be evaluated using small specimens and thus can be subject to meaningful laboratory testing. These properties would include mineral composition, grain size, rock hardness, degree of weathering, porosity, unit weight, and many others.  
4.3 Rock proposed for use in erosion control applications are normally classified as either filter bedding stone, riprap stone, armor stone, or breakwater stone. However, these procedures may be also extended to rocks used in groin and gabion structures.  
4.4 In cases in which only stockpile samples are to be obtained for laboratory testing, a full quarry geological examination may not be required. It is the responsibility of the specifier of this standard to indicate which sections of this Practice apply to the specific project.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and obj...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of rock to be used for erosion control. The complexity and extent of this evaluation will be governed by the size and design requirements of the individual project, the quantity and quality of rock required, and the potential risk for property damage or loss of human life.  
1.2 It is not intended that all of the evaluations listed in this practice be addressed for every project. For some small, less critical jobs, a visual inspection of the rock may be all that is necessary. Several of the evaluations listed may be necessary on large, complex, high-hazard projects. It is the responsibility of the designer to determine the intensity and number of evaluations made on any one project.  
1.3 Examination of the rock at the source, evaluation of similar rock exposed to the environment at any field installations, as well as laboratory tests may be necessary to determine the properties of the rock as related to its predicted performance at the site of intended use (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).2  
1.4 The examination of the rock at its source is essential to its evaluation for erosion control and aids in the planning of the subsequent laboratory examinations. Very large pieces of rock up to several tons weight are used in the control of erosion; take great care with the field descriptions and in the sampling program to assure that zones of impurities or weaknesses that might not occur in ordinary size specimens are recorded and evaluated for their deleterious potential under the conditions of intended use. It is necessary that the intended method of rock removal be studied to ascertain whether the samples taken will correspond to the blasting, handling, and weathering history of the rock that will finally be used (3).  
1.5 The specific procedures employed in the laboratory examinations depend on the kind of rock, its characteristics, mineral components, macro and micro structure, and perhaps mo...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2021
• ICS: 91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.17 - Rock for Erosion Control

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D3740-23 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D3740-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM C295/C295M-19 - Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM C295/C295M-18a - Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM C295/C295M-18 - Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM D3042-17 - Standard Test Method for Insoluble Residue in Carbonate Aggregates
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2017
• Refers: ASTM C535-16 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2016
• Refers: ASTM D3042-09(2015) - Standard Test Method for Insoluble Residue in Carbonate Aggregates
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM D6473-15 - Standard Test Method For Specific Gravity And Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2015
• Refers: ASTM D653-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-12(2013) - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2013
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-12(2013)e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2013
• Refers: ASTM C535-12 - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2012
• Refers: ASTM D5240/D5240M-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2012

Overview

ASTM D4992-22: Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control provides comprehensive guidance on assessing the suitability of rock materials intended for erosion control applications. Developed by ASTM International, this standard outlines best practices for field examination, sampling procedures, petrographic analysis, and laboratory testing to determine both the rock mass and rock material properties. Its purpose is to ensure that rocks used for structures like riprap, armor stone, breakwaters, groins, and gabions are durable, reliable, and appropriate for preventing erosion in various environmental conditions.

By adhering to ASTM D4992-22, professionals in civil engineering, geology, and construction can make informed decisions, mitigate risks, and optimize project outcomes by using high-quality materials tailored to the specific requirements of their erosion control projects.

Key Topics

• Field and Laboratory Evaluation: The standard details procedures for both in-situ (field) examinations of rock mass properties and laboratory analysis of rock material properties. This dual approach helps to identify features such as fractures, joints, porosity, mineral composition, and weathering effects that could influence the rock's performance in erosion control settings.
• Sampling Strategies: Proper sampling is emphasized, including guidance on collecting representative samples from various geological zones and ensuring that sample size and orientation reflect the actual material to be used in placement.
• Types of Stones: Rocks are typically classified for use as filter bedding stone, riprap stone, armor stone, and breakwater stone, but the standard’s procedures also apply to stones used in groin and gabion structures.
• Assessment of Suitability: The standard allows for visual inspections in smaller, low-risk projects and encourages thorough evaluations-including petrographic examinations and laboratory tests such as soundness, absorption, durability, and abrasion resistance-for large or high-risk installations.
• Reporting Requirements: Guidance is provided on documenting findings, including test data, descriptions of the rock units, and recommendations for material use or further investigation.

Applications

ASTM D4992-22 is widely used in the following practical contexts:

• Design and Construction of Erosion Control Structures: Ensuring that selected rock materials possess adequate durability to withstand environmental stressors such as water flow, freeze-thaw cycles, and weathering processes.
• Risk Mitigation: Evaluating potential hazards and ensuring public safety by selecting appropriate rock types for projects with significant property or life safety considerations.
• Material Sourcing: Assisting project owners, designers, and contractors in identifying and qualifying suitable rock sources, whether from quarries or stockpiles, for use in shoreline, embankment, river, and coastal protection works.
• Quality Assurance: Providing a baseline for uniformity and repeatability in evaluating rock materials, facilitating consistent performance, and meeting regulatory or owner requirements.

Related Standards

ASTM D4992-22 references and aligns with several important ASTM standards in the field of rock and aggregate testing, including:

• ASTM D3740: Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
• ASTM D6473: Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock for Erosion Control
• ASTM D5240/D5240M: Test Method for Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sulfate Solutions
• ASTM D5312/D5312M: Test Method for Durability of Rock Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions
• ASTM D5313/D5313M: Test Method for Durability of Rock Under Wetting and Drying Conditions
• ASTM C295/C295M: Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
• ASTM C535: Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact

Using ASTM D4992-22 in conjunction with these related standards ensures a robust, multi-faceted evaluation of rock intended for erosion control, supporting optimal design, construction, and long-term performance of critical infrastructure.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4992 − 22
Standard Practice for
Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4992; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mineral components, macro and micro structure, and perhaps
most importantly, the intended use, size of the pieces, and the
1.1 Thispracticecoverstheevaluationofrocktobeusedfor
exposure conditions at the site of use (1, 2, 3, 4).
erosion control. The complexity and extent of this evaluation
will be governed by the size and design requirements of the
1.6 Itisassumedthatthispracticewillbeusedbypersonnel
individual project, the quantity and quality of rock required,
who are qualified by education and experience to plan the
and the potential risk for property damage or loss of human
necessary evaluations and to conduct them so that the neces-
life.
sary parameters of the subject rock will be defined. Therefore,
this practice does not attempt to detail the laboratory tech-
1.2 It is not intended that all of the evaluations listed in this
niques required, but rather to mention them and only detail
practice be addressed for every project. For some small, less
those properties that are of special concern in the course of the
critical jobs, a visual inspection of the rock may be all that is
examination for rock to be used for erosion control.
necessary. Several of the evaluations listed may be necessary
on large, complex, high-hazard projects. It is the responsibility
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
of the designer to determine the intensity and number of
as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
evaluations made on any one project.
provided for information only.
1.3 Examination of the rock at the source, evaluation of
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
similar rock exposed to the environment at any field
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
installations, as well as laboratory tests may be necessary to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
determine the properties of the rock as related to its predicted
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
performance at the site of intended use (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The examination of the rock at its source is essential to
NOTE 1—Erosion stone pieces can weigh from several hundred pounds
itsevaluationforerosioncontrolandaidsintheplanningofthe
to several tons. Exercise caution at all times as the mass of each piece
subsequent laboratory examinations. Very large pieces of rock
represents a potential pinch point and a lifting, handling, and carrying
up to several tons weight are used in the control of erosion;
hazard.
take great care with the field descriptions and in the sampling
1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
program to assure that zones of impurities or weaknesses that
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
might not occur in ordinary size specimens are recorded and
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
evaluatedfortheirdeleteriouspotentialundertheconditionsof
with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may
intended use. It is necessary that the intended method of rock
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
removal be studied to ascertain whether the samples taken will
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
correspond to the blasting, handling, and weathering history of
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
the rock that will finally be used (3).
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
1.5 The specific procedures employed in the laboratory
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
examinations depend on the kind of rock, its characteristics,
title of this document means only that the document has been
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Control.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2022. Published January 2022. Originally
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ɛ2
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4992–14 . DOI:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
10.1520/D4992-22.
2 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this standard. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4992 − 22
2. Referenced Documents delineation of areas or zones of the rock, beds, and facies of
3 unsuitable or marginal composition and properties due to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, porosity, and
C294Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
other potentially deleterious characteristics.
crete Aggregates
C295/C295MGuide for Petrographic Examination of Ag- 4.2 Evaluate both the rock mass properties and the rock
gregates for Concrete material properties.
C535Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large- 4.2.1 The rock mass properties are the lithologic properties
Size CoarseAggregate byAbrasion and Impact in the Los of the in situ rock that are evaluated on a macroscopic scale in
Angeles Machine the field. These properties include features such as fractures,
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained joints,faults,bedding,schistosity,andlineations,aswellasthe
Fluids lateral and vertical extent of the rock unit.
D3042Test Method for Insoluble Residue in Carbonate 4.2.2 The rock material properties are those lithologic
Aggregates properties that may be evaluated using small specimens and
thus can be subject to meaningful laboratory testing. These
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as properties would include mineral composition, grain size, rock
Used in Engineering Design and Construction hardness, degree of weathering, porosity, unit weight, and
D3967Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact many others.
Rock Core Specimens
4.3 Rock proposed for use in erosion control applications
D5121Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability
are normally classified as either filter bedding stone, riprap
Testing
stone, armor stone, or breakwater stone. However, these
D5240/D5240MTest Method for Evaluation of the Durabil-
procedures may be also extended to rocks used in groin and
ity of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or
gabion structures.
Magnesium Sulfate
4.4 In cases in which only stockpile samples are to be
D5312/D5312MTestMethodforEvaluationofDurabilityof
obtained for laboratory testing, a full quarry geological exami-
Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing
nation may not be required. It is the responsibility of the
Conditions
specifier of this standard to indicate which sections of this
D5313/D5313MTestMethodforEvaluationofDurabilityof
Practice apply to the specific project.
Rock for Erosion Control Under Wetting and Drying
NOTE 2—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
Conditions
dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
D6473Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
Rock for Erosion Control
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
D8281/D8281MTest Method for Determining the Presence
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
Ethylene Glycol
provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
3. Terminology
5. Planning
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
5.1 Plan and schedule the field examination and subsequent
used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
laboratory examination including a review of available infor-
mation about the source rock and the purpose for which it is
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
intended.Stategeologicalsurveys,geologicaldivisionsofstate
3.2.1 shot rock, n—(synonym for quarry run); unprocessed
transportationdepartments,andgeology/environmentaldepart-
stone produced from a source primarily by blasting. The term
ments of universities near the source to be examined are
does not indicate stone size or gradation.
generally good sources of information. Consult local engineer-
3.2.2 shard, n—a small piece of stone broken off from
ing geologists to gain collateral information that might be
erosion stone , typically as the result of handling and stockpil-
useful in examining the source site and any project
ing operations.
installations, and in the planning of the laboratory test require-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Some erosion stone specifications de-
ments.
fine shards as broken pieces weighing less than two pounds.
5.2 This review may provide the name of the rock unit and
4. Significance and Use
key to lithologic descriptions, previous examinations, and
structural and compositional characteristics affecting the rock
4.1 The field examination, sampling, and petrographic ex-
in its intended use, as well as test data. The information may
amination in this practice along with appropriate laboratory
further assist in planning the examinations and alternatives to
testing may be used to determine the suitability of rock for
problems such as vertical quarry faces.
erosion control. Factors to consider include identification and
6. Materials and Equipment for Examinations
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1 Equipment for the field examination will be at the
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
investigator’s discretion. A checklist of equipment may
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. include, but not be limited to, the following:
D4992 − 22
6.1.1 Geologists’s Pick or Hammer. impregnatedwithspecialdyes,andthinsectionsthinnedtoless
6.1.2 Hand Lens. than the standard 30 µm (10 to 15 µm required for fine grained
rock and for detection of fine microcracking, certain deleteri-
6.1.3 Sledge Hammer.
ous textures and substances).
6.1.4 Bottle of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (3 parts water, 1
part HCl). 6.3.1.5 Workload.
6.1.5 Tape or Scale. 6.3.1.6 Quality of work.
6.1.6 Rock Scratching Tool, Knife, or Dissecting Needle. 6.3.2 As the knowledge of the rock material accumulates
6.1.7 Brunton Compass. through examination of finely lapped slabs and hand
6.1.8 Photographic or Video Camera. specimens, and from the results of laboratory testing, it will
invariablybefoundthatthefirstestimateofthepropernumber,
6.1.9 Note Book.
location of “chips” and types of thin sections requires amend-
6.1.10 Sample Bags.
ing.
6.1.11 Indelible Marking Pens, Paint, or Spray Paint.
6.4 Photographic or Video Facilities, or Both, Capable of
6.2 Apparatus and Supplies for Petrographic Examination:
Producing the Following:
6.2.1 The apparatus and supplies listed for petrographic
6.4.1 Images of quarries and other rock sources, in use
examination in Practice C295/C295M are those required for
placements of rock and natural outcrops of rocks under the
thisstandardpractice.Uselargerequipmentforhandlinglarger
proposed conditions of exposure,
size pieces as outlined below.
6.2.1.1 Circular Diamond Saw, of the type described in 6.4.2 Close-up images of rock specimens, cores, chunks,
and slabs,
Practice D5121.
6.4.3 Images taken through the stereoscopic microscope
NOTE 3—Some laboratories have fabricated reciprocating saws that cut
(easily usable equipment can be obtained from the microscope
with diamond powder in a slurry. Such saws can be made capable of
manufacturer), and
cutting almost any size rock specimen.
6.4.4 Images taken through the petrographic microscope
6.2.1.2 Horizontal Grinding Wheel, minimum of 400 mm
(easily usable equipment can be obtained from the microscope
(16 in.) diameter.
manufacturer).
6.2.1.3 Polishing Wheel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.)
diameter.
7. Field Examination
NOTE 4—When the first saw cut is smooth, as when fabricated with a
7.1 The field examination is an integral part of the total
smooth edged circular diamond saw running in an oil bath, vibrating laps
evaluation of the rock for its use in erosion control projects.
maybesubstitutedforthehorizontalgrindingwheelandthepolishinglap.
These laps may be obtained in sizes up to 675 mm (27 in.) in diameter.
The geologic scientist conducting the field examination must
These large vibratory laps will be a useful addition and will completely
have knowledge of the intended use of the rock and of the size
substitute for the polishing lap.
pieces that will be required and the environment to which the
6.2.1.4 Stereoscopic Microscope—A stereoscopic micro-
rock will be subjected.The scientist must also be familiar with
scopethatprovidesfinalmagnificationsthatrangefrom10×to
the laboratory tests that are most apt to be conducted in order
approximately 80× is recommended. It is preferable that the
that appropriate samples may be obtained.
microscope be equipped with an imaging system to enable the
7.2 During the field examination determine the following:
operatortophotographsalientfeaturesforinclusioninareport
7.2.1 The type of quarry and its development plan. The
or for retention for future reference.
blastingproceduresthatareorwillbeemployed.Noteblasting
6.2.1.5 Petrographic Microscope, as described in Practice
hole diameter, hole depth, spacing, angle, amount of
C295/C295M. Optionally, for the detection of very small
overburden, types of explosives, distribution, and sequences.
microcracks, it may be equipped with incident ultraviolet light
The expected 'curing time,’ the interval between blasting or
for use with thin sections impregnated with a fluorescing dye
other removal from the bedrock, and the size sorting and final
(7).
inspection and evaluation for use in the intended placement (1,
NOTE 5—Special types of thin sections will probably require additional
2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10).
preparation equipment. An example is given in Ref (7).
7.2.2 The general lithology and, if possible, geologic unit
6.3 Thin Section Fabrication: and age.
6.3.1 Laboratories may find that they can obtain good, 7.2.3 Homogeneity throughout the proposed source. In par-
rapid, individualized service from a geological laboratory that
ticular note the stratigraphic facies, metamorphic and weath-
specializes in the fabrication of thin sections. Choose such a ering phases, and lateral extent of each.
laboratory considering the following:
7.2.4 Record dip and strike of the bedding, lineation, or
6.3.1.1 Time between sending off the rock fragments or
both, as well as the dip and strike of any structural features,
prepared chips and return of the finished sections. zones of brecciation, partings, solution features, schistosity,
6.3.1.2 Will adjacent rock fragments or slices be returned
foliation, diastrophic joints, faults, folds, dikes, veins, and etc.
for further examination or archival use, or both? Record any joints due to overburden-relief.
6.3.1.3 Costs involved. 7.2.5 The thickness of the bedding, and the presence and
6.3.1.4 Charges and any extra time required for specially distance between any poorly indurated beds or facies. Record
prepared sections: special large size, epoxy impregnated, the distance between any regular zones of weakness such as
D4992 − 22
joints, weakly filled veins, etc., as this will be a major control andtopreparationrequiredbytheselectedlaboratorymethods.
of the size fragments available. Many laboratory tests such as freeze-thaw, wet-dry, and others
7.2.6 Makenotationsofanyfragmentsoftherockthathave require special specimen preparation. Partition test specimens
been exposed to weather for a long period of time. If these are based upon the number of specialized tests required. In the
not available at the proposed site of rock removal, make an general case, the petrographic procedures require the least
effort to find such weathered examples of this rock at other mass, but the most careful selection; therefore these specimens
sites. are often selected first.
7.2.7 Investigate any examples of this rock in use in a
9.2 Valuable data can be gained by careful observation of
manner similar to the proposed use for evidence of durability.
the bulk samples specimens as received in the laboratory. Spot
In conjunction with this examination, examine natural occur-
tests with acid and dyes will often indicate general composi-
rences of this rock at sites similar to the proposed use; for
tion.Thefinestructureofaspecimencanoftenbemadevisible
example, a natural outcrop on a river bank, or even better, an
bysmoothingandetching,orstaining,orcombinationsthereof,
outcrop as a local base-level at the rapids of a stream.
one large surface. These methods often indicate which further
7.3 Record observations made during the field examination
test procedures should be used on which specimen pieces and
in writing using standard nomenclature (8, 9, 11),ina
therefore which preparation methods are required.
designated field notebook in a manner that will allow future
9.3 Sample Preparation for Petrographic Examination—
reference.
The minimum requirements of specimen preparation for petro-
7.4 Document by use of photographs or videos, or both.
graphic methods include:
8. Sampling
9.3.1 The preparation of a finely lapped slab of as large a
size as possible from each of the lithologies and qualities of
8.1 Thispracticeprovidesguidanceonsamplingasourceof
that lithology that are being considered for use as erosion
rock.
control rock. Maintain vibratory laps and abrasives in a clean
8.2 Design the sampling plan and labeling plan to identify
and contamination free condition.
the location from which the sample was derived, the strati-
9.3.2 The preparation of “chips,” shaped blanks for thin
graphic unit or facies, and the orientation; for example, up
sections. If thin sections are fabricated by an outside
versus down, east versus west, north versus south. Identify
laboratory, prepare at least two “chips” per lithology and
cores in a manner that will allow sequential matching of the
quality. If time is a factor, send these chips to the fabricating
pieces.
laboratoryimmediately.Ifthinsectionsarefabricatedinhouse,
8.3 Whenever practical, include pieces of the size that will
prepare and reserve one such “chip.” When desired, another
be required for the final placement of the rock, or, select
“chip” can be prepared from specially selected areas of the
smaller pieces of the largest practical dimensions, that contain
back side of the sl
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2
Designation: D4992 − 14 D4992 − 22
Standard Practice for
Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4992; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected referenced document in April 2015.
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected units of measurement statement in June 2021.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of rock to be used for erosion control. The complexity and extent of this evaluation will
be governed by the size and design requirements of the individual project, the quantity and quality of rock required, and the
potential risk for property damage or loss of human life.
1.2 It is not intended that all of the evaluations listed in this practice be addressed for every project. For some small, less critical
jobs, a visual inspection of the rock may be all that is necessary. Several of the evaluations listed may be necessary on large,
complex, high-hazard projects. The It is the responsibility of the designer to determine the intensity and number of evaluations
made on any one project must be determined by the designer.project.
1.3 Examination of the rock at the source, evaluation of similar rock exposed to the environment at any field installations, as well
as laboratory tests may be necessary to determine the properties of the rock as related to its predicted performance at the site of
intended use (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
1.4 The examination of the rock at its source is essential to its evaluation for erosion control and aids in the planning of the
subsequent laboratory examinations. Very large pieces of rock up to several tons weight are used in the control of erosion; thustake
great care must be taken with the field descriptions and in the sampling program to assure that zones of impurities or weaknesses
that might not occur in ordinary size specimens are recorded and evaluated for their deleterious potential under the conditions of
intended use. It is necessary that the intended method of rock removal be studied to ascertain whether the samples taken will
correspond to the blasting, handling, and weathering history of the rock that will finally be used (3).
1.5 The specific procedures employed in the laboratory examinations depend on the kind of rock, its characteristics, mineral
components, macro and micro structure, and perhaps most importantly, the intended use, size of the pieces, and the exposure
conditions at the site of use (1, 2, 3, 4).
1.6 It is assumed that this practice will be used by personnel who are qualified by education and experience to plan the necessary
evaluations and to conduct them so that the necessary parameters of the subject rock will be defined. Therefore, this practice does
not attempt to detail the laboratory techniques required, but rather to mention them and only detail those properties that must be
are of special concern in the course of the examination for rock to be used for erosion control.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion Control.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014Jan. 1, 2022. Published May 2014January 2022. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20072014 as
ɛ2
D4992 – 07.D4992 – 14 . DOI: 10.1520/D4992-14E02.10.1520/D4992-22.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4992 − 22
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values inch-pound units given in parentheses are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Erosion stone pieces can weigh from several hundred pounds to several tons. Exercise caution at all times as the mass of each piece represents
a potential pinch point and a lifting, handling, and carrying hazard.
1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be
applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s
many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through
the ASTM consensus process.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C88/C88M Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates
C295/C295M Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
C535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles
Machine
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3042 Test Method for Insoluble Residue in Carbonate Aggregates
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D3967 Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
D5121 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing
D5240/D5240M Test Method for Evaluation of the Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium
Sulfate
D5312/D5312M Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions
D5313/D5313M Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Wetting and Drying Conditions
D6473 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock for Erosion Control
D8281/D8281M Test Method for Determining the Presence of Expanding Clays in Rock for Erosion Control Using Ethylene
Glycol
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See For definitions of common technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653 for general
definitions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 rock mass properties—lithologic properties of rock and its discontinuities that must be evaluated on a macroscopic scale in
the field.
3.2.2 rock material properties—lithologic properties of rock that can be evaluated using an in-hand sample either in the field or
in the laboratory.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D4992 − 22
3.2.1 shot rock—rock, n—(synonym for quarry run); unprocessed stone produced from a source primarily by blasting. The term
does not indicate stone size or gradation.
3.2.2 shard, n—a small piece of stone broken off from erosion stone , typically as the result of handling and stockpiling operations.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Some erosion stone specifications define shards as broken pieces weighing less than two pounds.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The field examination examination, sampling, and petrographic examination in this practice along with appropriate laboratory
testing may be used to determine the suitability of rock for erosion control. It should identify and delineate Factors to consider
include identification and delineation of areas or zones of the rock, beds, and facies of unsuitable or marginal composition and
properties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, porosity, and other potentially deleterious characteristics.
4.2 Both Evaluate both the rock mass properties and the rock material properties must be evaluated.properties.
4.2.1 The rock mass properties are the lithologic properties of the in situ rock that must be are evaluated on a macroscopic scale
in the field. These wouldproperties include features such as fractures, joints, faults, bedding, schistosity, and lineations, as well as
the lateral and vertical extent of the rock unit.
4.2.2 The rock material properties are those lithologic properties that may be evaluated using small specimens and thus can be
subject to meaningful laboratory testing. These properties would include mineral composition, grain size, rock hardness, degree
of weathering, porosity, unit weight, and many others.
4.3 Rock proposed for use in erosion control applications willare normally be classified as either filter bedding stone, riprap stone,
armor stone, or breakwater stone. However, these procedures may be also extended to rocks used in groin and gabion structures.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
4.4 In cases in which only stockpile samples are to be obtained for laboratory testing, a full quarry geological examination may
not be required. It is the responsibility of the specifier of this standard to indicate which sections of this Practice apply to the
specific project.
NOTE 2—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
5. Planning
5.1 A plan Plan and schedule of the field examination and subsequent laboratory examination should include including a review
of all available information about the source rock and the purpose for which it is intended. State geological surveys, geological
divisions of state transportation departments, and geology/environmental departments of universities near the source to be
examined are generally good sources of information. AConsult local engineering geologist should also be consulted, geologists to
gain all collateral information that might be useful in examining the source site and any project installations, and in the planning
of the laboratory test requirements.
5.2 This review may provide the name of the rock unit and key to lithologic descriptions, previous examinations, and structural
and compositional characteristics affecting the rock in its intended use, as well as test data. The information may further assist in
planning the examinations and alternatives to problems such as vertical quarry faces.
D4992 − 22
6. Materials and Equipment for Examinations
6.1 Equipment for the field examination will be at the investigator’s discretion. A checklist of equipment may include, but not be
limited to, the following:
6.1.1 Geologists’s Pick or Hammer.
6.1.2 Hand Lens.
6.1.3 Sledge Hammer.
6.1.4 Bottle of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (3 parts water, 1 part HCl).
6.1.5 Tape or Scale.
6.1.6 Rock Scratching Tool, Knife, or Dissecting Needle.
6.1.7 Brunton Compass.
6.1.8 Photographic or Video Camera.
6.1.9 Note Book.
6.1.10 Sample Bags.
6.1.11 Indelible Marking Pens Pens, Paint, or Spray Paint.
6.2 Apparatus and Supplies for Petrographic Examination:
6.2.1 The apparatus and supplies listed for petrographic examination in Practice C295/C295M will be are those required for this
standard practice except that some of the practice. Use larger equipment for handling the large pieces of rock should be of larger
size larger size pieces as outlined below.
6.2.1.1 Circular Diamond Saw, of the type described in Practice D5121.
NOTE 3—Some laboratories have fabricated reciprocating saws that cut with diamond powder in a slurry. Such saws can be made capable of cutting almost
any size rock specimen.
6.2.1.2 Horizontal Grinding Wheel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.) diameter.
6.2.1.3 Polishing Wheel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.) diameter.
NOTE 4—When the first saw cut is smooth, as when fabricated with a smooth edged circular diamond saw running in an oil bath, vibrating laps may be
substituted for the horizontal grinding wheel and the polishing lap. These laps may be obtained in sizes up to 675 mm (27 in.) in diameter. These large
vibratory laps will be a useful addition and will completely substitute for the polishing lap. Considerable effort must be expended to keep vibratory laps
clean and the abrasives free of contamination.
6.2.1.4 Stereoscopic Microscope—TheA stereoscopic microscope shall have a zoom lens from 10 to 120×. The microscope shall
be mounted on an arm that can swing over the specimen or alternatively have a specially constructed stage of large size to facilitate
the handling of the large specimen slabs that will be required.that provides final magnifications that range from 10× to
approximately 80× is recommended. It is preferable that the microscope be equipped with an imaging system to enable the operator
to photograph salient features for inclusion in a report or for retention for future reference.
6.2.1.5 Petrographic Microscope, shall be as described in Practice C295/C295M. Optionally, for the detection of very small
microcracks, it may be equipped with incident ultraviolet light for use with thin sections impregnated with a fluorescing dye (7).
NOTE 5—Special types of thin sections will probably require additional preparation equipment. An example is given in Ref (7).
D4992 − 22
6.3 Thin Section Fabrication:
6.3.1 Laboratories may find that they can obtain good, rapid, individualized service from a geological laboratory that specializes
in the fabrication of thin sections. When choosing Choose such a laboratory, considerations should include the following.laboratory
considering the following:
6.3.1.1 Time between sending off the rock fragments or prepared chips and return of the finished sections.
6.3.1.2 Will adjacent rock fragments or slices be returned for further examination or archival use, or both?
6.3.1.3 Costs involved.
6.3.1.4 Charges and any extra time required for specially prepared sections: special large size, epoxy impregnated, impregnated
with special dyes, and thin sections thinned to less than the standard 30 μm (10 to 15 μm required for fine grained rock and for
detection of fine microcracking, certain deleterious textures and substances).
6.3.1.5 Workload.
6.3.1.6 Quality of work.
6.3.2 Laboratories should consider obtaining their own thin-section equipment whenever workload, space, and financial
considerations permit if experienced personnel are available or obtainable to fabricate the sections. In-house equipment allows for
much greater versatility of operation. As the knowledge of the rock material accumulates through examination of finely lapped
slabs and hand specimens, and from the results of laboratory testing, it will invariably be found that the first estimate of the proper
number, location of “chips” and types of thin sections requires amending.
6.4 Photographic or Video Facilities, or Both, Should Be Capable of Producing the Following:
6.4.1 Images of quarries and other rock sources, in use placements of rock and natural outcrops of rocks under the proposed
conditions of exposure,
6.4.2 Close-up images of rock specimens, cores, chunks, and slabs,
6.4.3 Images taken through the stereoscopic microscope (easily usable equipment can be obtained from the microscope
manufacturer), and
6.4.4 Images taken through the petrographic microscope (easily usable equipment can be obtained from the microscope
manufacturer).
7. Field Examination
7.1 The field examination is an integral part of the total evaluation of the rock for its use in erosion control projects. The geologic
scientist conducting the field examination must have knowledge of the intended use of the rock and of the size pieces that will be
required and the environment to which the rock will be subjected. The scientist must also be familiar with the laboratory tests that
are most apt to be conducted in order that appropriate samples may be obtained.
7.2 During the field examination determine the following:
7.2.1 The type of quarry and its development plan. The blasting procedures that are or will be employed. Note blasting hole
diameter, hole depth, spacing, angle, amount of overburden, types of explosives, distribution, and sequences. The expected 'curing
time,’ the interval between blasting or other removal from the bedrock, and the size sorting and final inspection and evaluation
for use in the intended placement (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10).
7.2.2 The general lithology and, if possible, geologic unit and age.
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7.2.3 Homogeneity throughout the proposed source. In particular note the stratigraphic facies, metamorphic and weathering
phases, and lateral extent of each.
7.2.4 Dip Record dip and strike of the bedding, lineation, or both, should be noted as well as the dip and strike of any structural
features, zones of brecciation, partings, solution features, schistosity, foliation, diastrophic joints, faults, folds, dikes, veins, and etc.
Any Record any joints due to overburden-relief must be recorded.overburden-relief.
7.2.5 The thickness of the bedding, and the presence and distance between any poorly indurated beds or facies. The Record the
distance between any regular zones of weakness such as joints, weakly filled veins, etc. must be recorded etc., as this will be a
major control of the size fragments available.
7.2.6 Special note shall be taken Make notations of any fragments of the rock that have been exposed to weather for a long period
of time. If these are not available at the proposed site of rock removal, make an effort shall be made to find such weathered
examples of this rock at other sites.
7.2.7 Any Investigate any examples of this rock in use in a manner similar to the proposed use shall be investigated for evidence
of durability. In conjunction with this examination, examine natural occurrences of this rock at sites similar to the proposed use
shall be sought and examined; use; for example, a natural outcrop on a river bank, or even better, an outcrop as a local base-level
at the rapids of a stream.
7.3 Observations Record observations made during the field examination shall be recorded in writing using standard nomenclature
(8, 9, 11), in a designated field notebook in a manner that will allow future reference.
7.4 Photographs Document by use of photographs or videos, or both, shall be taken.both.
8. Sampling
8.1 This practice provides guidance on sampling a source of rock.
8.2 The Design the sampling plan and labeling plan shall be designed to identify the location from which the sample was derived,
the stratigraphic unit or facies, and the orientation; for example, up versus down, east versus west, north versus south. Cores shall
be identified Identify cores in a manner that will allow sequential matching of the pieces.
8.3 The samples, whenever practical, should Whenever practical, include pieces of the size that will be required for the final
placement of the rock.rock, or, select smaller pieces of the largest practical dimensions, that contain features of similar interest,
if large pieces are not practical to obtain, or are not manageable by the laboratory.
8.4 The Determine the number of samples and the number of pieces of rock in each sample and the specimens taken for archival
use shall be completely dependent upon the nature of the rock, the amount of material required for the erosion prevention
placement, and the variability of the rock within the mass proposed for use.
8.5 TheObtain samples chosen for testing shall bethat are representative of the rock to be used on a project.
8.6 Samples shall be Select samples of such dimensions as to minimize mechanical reduction (breaking) of the specimen prior to
testing, with the exception of specimens that are sawed prior to examination or testing. The latter specimens may be taken from
oversize specimens.
8.7 Samples may be obtained from a quarry face, shot rock, or stockpile. Samples Compare samples of shot or stockpiled rock
should be compared to stratigraphic units visible on a quarry face. Soft or fractured stratigraphic units which are reduced to small
sizes during blasting and en
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