ASTM C1034-85(1995)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted From Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted From Glazed Ceramic Cookware (Withdrawn 2001)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic surfaces under boiling conditions. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead and cadmium from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that simulates the most severe conditions of usage of such ceramic cookware. This method is specific for lead and cadmium.
1.2 This test method is applicable to ceramic cookware intended for use in contact with food, for example cookware made of china, crockery, porcelain, and earthenware.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 1034 – 85 (Reapproved 1995)
Standard Test Method for
Lead and Cadmium Extracted From Glazed Ceramic
Cookware
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1034; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope soup bowls, which may be occasionally used to warm foods in
a microwave oven.
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of
3.2 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from glazed ceramic
method, see Terminology C 242.
surfaces under boiling conditions. The procedure of extraction
may be expected to accelerate the release of lead and cadmium
4. Summary of Method
from the glaze and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that
4.1 The lead and cadmium extracted from cookware, by
simulates the most severe conditions of usage of such ceramic
boiling acetic acid after2hof leaching, are measured by
cookware. This method is specific for lead and cadmium.
atomic absorption spectrophotometry using specific hollow
1.2 This test method is applicable to ceramic cookware
cathode lamps for lead and cadmium respectively.
intended for use in contact with food, for example cookware
made of china, crockery, porcelain, and earthenware.
5. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
5.1 The consequences of lead and cadmium release from
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
cookware require effective means of control to ensure the
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
protection of the population against a possible health hazard.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
This potential arises with improperly formulated, applied and
limitations prior to use.
fired glazes and decorations. There is a particular concern for
2. Referenced Documents cookware because the normal conditions of use (heating acid
foods for prolonged periods) are conducive to extracting the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
soluble lead and cadmium into the food. Therefore, this test
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
2 method deals specifically with ceramic cookware intended to
Products
be used for the preparation of foods by heating.
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E 438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus
6. Interferences
E 694 Specification for Volumetric Ware
6.1 Since specific hollow cathode lamps for lead and cad-
2.2 ISO Standard:
mium are used, there are no interferences.
3585 Glass Plate Pipeline and Fittings—Properties of Boro-
silicate Glass 3.3
7. Apparatus
7.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, equipped with a
3. Terminology
4-in. (102-mm) single slot or Boling burner head and digital
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
concentration readout attachment (DCR) if available. This
3.1.1 cookware—ceramic articles including those intended
instrument should have a sensitivity of about 0.5 ppm of lead
to be heated in the preparation of foodstuffs, for example,
for 1 % absorption and a sensitivity of about 0.05 ppm of
china, crockery, porcelain, and earthenware; excluding items
cadmium for 1 % absorption. Use the operating conditions as
not specifically designed for cooking, such as cups, plates, and
specified in the instrument manufacturer’s analytical methods
manual.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-21 on
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Proceedings, International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safety, Lead
Subcommittee C21.03on Fundamental Properties. Industries, Inc., 1975, pp. 8–17.
Current edition approved March 18, 1985. Published May 1985. WHO Food Additives Series, No. 4, World Health Organization, 1972.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02. “Ceramic Foodware Safety, Sampling, Analysis and Results for Release,” Report
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. of a WHO Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland June 8–10, 1976, WHO/Food Additives
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 77.44 World Health Organization, 1977.
5 7
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th Perkin-Elmer models 303 and 403 and Jarrell-Ash model 82-546 have been
Floor, New York, NY 10036. found suitable for this determination.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1034
NOTE 1—1 ppm = 1 mg/L
9.2 Sample Size—Where feasible test six pieces. Each of the
pieces should be identical in size, shape, and color.
7.2 Hollow-Cathode Lead Lamp, set at 283.3 or 217.0 nm.
7.3 Hollow-Cathode Cadmium Lamp, set at 228.8 nm.
10. Procedure
7.4 Glassware, borosilicate glass, as specified in Specifica-
10.1 Preparation and Preservation of Test Samples—
tions E 438 and E 694 and ISO 3585 shall be used to make
Samples of cookware must be free of grease or other matter
reagents and solutions.
likely to prevent contact between the vessel’s surface and the
8. Reagents
simulating solvent. Wash the specimen with a mild liquid
detergent solution at a temperature of about 40°C. Rinse with
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
distilled, deionized water or water of equivalent quality. Then
used in all tests. It is intended that all reagents shall conform to
drain the vessel and dry it either in a drying oven or with clean
the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of
filter paper. Store the sample in a clean air hood or other clean
the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are
environment to prevent contamination of the surface by air-
available. Other grades may be used provided it is first
borne particles.
ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to
10.2 Filling, Temperature, and Duration:
permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determi-
10.2.1 Determine the effective volume of the specimen by
nation.
measuring the volume of water necessary to fill it to the rim.
8.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, reference
Fill the vessel (cleaned as in 10.1) to two thirds its effective
to water shall be understood to mean distilled water, deionized
volume with distilled or deionized water or water of equivalent
water or water of equivalent quality meeting the requirements
quality noting the source of the water used. Then cover the
for one of the types of reagent water covered by Specification
vessel with its own cover, if available, or else with a flat,
D 1193.
opaque piece of borosilicate glass.
8.3 Simulating Solvent—The simulating solvent employed
10.2.2 Place the vessel containing the known volume of
in the extraction of lead and cadmium shall be 4 % acetic acid
water on a hot plate and heat to a simmer (slow boil) at which
(by volume). The solution is prepared by adding sufficient
time add enough glacial acetic acid to produce 4 % acetic acid
glacial acetic acid to water (preheated in the test vessel, with a
solution (by volume as in 8.3). For vessels possessing their
hot plate or self-contained heating unit, to a simmer), to make
own heating element (as for example a self-contained crock
the solution 4 % acetic acid. The volume of acetic acid required
pot), maintain the temperature at simmer (slow boil) using that
is calculated as follows:
vessel’s heating element. In the event that the heating element
0.042 ~V ! 5 V (1)
w a
produces vigorous boiling, use a Variac (R) (or similar device)
use to control the temperature (to a simmer). Should the
where: heating element on maximum power setting not produce a
V = volume of water in the cookware vessel, mL and temperature high enough to simmer the solvent, then use the
w
V = volume of glacial acetic acid to be added mL.
highest temperature attainable by the heating element. Main-
a
Only glacial acetic acid that has been stored in darkness to
tain slow boil or maximum heat attainable, as appropriate, for
avoid degradation should be used:
2 h beginning from the time of adding the acetic acid.
8.4 Analytical Stock Solution:
10.2.3 If during the 2-h heati
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