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ASTM D3412-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for testing yarn-to-yarn friction is being used, but is not recommended, for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.
5.1.1 In some cases, the purchaser and supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 3412 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
This test method is intended for the determination of yarn-to-yarn boundary friction coefficients measured over a specified length of yarn.
The test method is useful for quality control, research, and the characterization of yarn boundary lubricants.
Note 3—Because the geometry of the yarns is different, Options 1 and 2 should not be expected to give the same numerical values on the same yarns.
FIG. 1 Twisted Strand Yarn-to-Yarn Friction Apparatus—Twisted-Yarn Method
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns under boundary friction conditions.
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 1.5 to 200 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges (15 to 1800 denier). Note 1For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method D 3108.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3412-01 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D3412/D3412M-13 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3108/D3108M-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid Material
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6611-23 - Standard Test Method for Wet and Dry Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Resistance
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D3412-07 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to YarnASTM D3412-07 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
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ASTM D3412-07 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3412 − 07
StandardTest Method for
1
Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional
4.1 A length of yarn is moved at a known speed in contact
properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns
with itself or similar yarn at a specified wrap angle. The input
under boundary friction conditions.
and output tensions are measured and the coefficient of friction
calculated. Alternatively, apparatus may be used in which the
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear
ratio of input to output tension is measured allowing the
densities ranging from 1.5 to 200 tex, but may be used with
coefficient of friction to be indicated directly.
yarns outside these ranges (15 to 1800 denier).
4.2 Two optional procedures are included. Option 1 is based
NOTE 1—For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method
on theTwisted Strand Method, using a wrap angle of 15.71 rad
D3108.
(900°). Option 2 is based on the Capstan Method, using a wrap
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
angle of 3.14 radians (180°).
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
information only.
NOTE 2—Editions of Test Method D3412 prior to the 1986 revision
incorrectly stated the wrap angle for Option 1 to be 18.85 rad. This is
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
incorrect, since 3 turns of the swivel pulley do not result in a wrap angle
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of18.85radians.Thishasnowbeencorrectedto15.71rad.Thisshouldbe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
taken into account in comparing with earlier results.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents 5.1 This test method for testing yarn-to-yarn friction is
2
being used, but is not recommended, for acceptance testing of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
commercial shipments since between-laboratory precision is
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
known to be poor.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
5.1.1 In some cases, the purchaser and supplier may have to
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials
ber) by the Skein Method
by the best available method even though the method has not
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial
D3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,Yarn to Solid
shipments. In case of a dispute arising from differences in
Material
reported test results when using Test Method D3412 for
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
3. Terminology
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
Terminology D123.
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originally
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
approved in 1975T. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D3412 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/D3412-07.
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. eration to the known bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100
...

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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of abrasion resistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry and wet conditions.  
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5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
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Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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