ASTM D2442-75(2007)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic Applications
Standard Specification for Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic Applications
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for fabricated alumina parts suitable for electronic and electrical applications and ceramic-to-metal seals as used in electron devices. This standard specifies limits and methods of test for electrical, mechanical, thermal, and general properties of the bodies used for these fabricated parts, regardless of part geometry.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D2442 – 75 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2442; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope at Commercial Power Frequencies
D150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstherequirementsforfabricated
mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-
alumina parts suitable for electronic and electrical applications
tion
and ceramic-to-metal seals as used in electron devices. This
D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
standard specifies limits and methods of test for electrical,
Insulating Materials
mechanical, thermal, and general properties of the bodies used
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
for these fabricated parts, regardless of part geometry.
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D1829 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
only.
D2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
2. Referenced Documents And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-
cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2520 Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric
C20 TestMethodsforApparentPorosity,WaterAbsorption,
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
C108 Symbols for Heat Transmission
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Products
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
C408 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
Ceramics
of a Lot or Process
C573 MethodsforChemicalAnalysisofFireclayandHigh-
E165 PracticeforLiquidPenetrantExaminationforGeneral
Alumina Refractories
Industry
C623 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
Resonance
F19 Test Method for Tension and Vacuum Testing Metal-
D116 Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for
lized Ceramic Seals
Electrical Applications
F77 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
F109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on
Ceramics
F134 Test Methods for Determining Hermeticity of Elec-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of Committee C21 on Ceramic
tron Devices with a Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns. Detector
This specification also includes material and suggestions provided by ASTM
F417 Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-
Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.
ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originally
2.2 Other Standards:
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2442–75(2001).
DOI: 10.1520/D2442-75R07.
MIL-STD-105 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspec-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4
tion by Attributes
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
on www.astm.org. Washington, D.C. 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2442 – 75 (2007)
TABLE 2 Mechanical Requirements
MIL-STD-883 TestMethodsandProceduresforMicroelec-
tronics Property Type I Type II Type III Type IV
ANSIB46.1 Surface Texture
Flexural strength, 240 275 275 275
A
min avg, (35 000) (40 000) (40 000) (40 000)
MPa (psi)
3. Terminology
Modulus of 215 275 310 345
6 6 6 6
3.1 Definitions:
elasticity, min, (31 3 10 ) (40 3 10 ) (45 3 10 ) (50 3 10 )
GPa (psi)
3.1.1 The applicable definitions of terms in the following
Poisson’s ratio, 0.20 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.25
documentsshallapplytothisspecification:SymbolsC108,and
average
Definitions C242, D1711, E6, E12, and F109.
A
Maximum permissible coefficient of variation is 10 percent.
4. Classification
4.1 Ceramics covered by this specification shall be classi-
6.2 Dimensionalandsurfacefinishrequirementsoftheparts
fied by alumina content as follows:
shall be as agreed between the supplier and the purchaser;
Alumina Content
however, guidance for establishing such an agreement is
Type Weight percent, min
provided in Appendix X1.
I82
II 93 6.3 Visual Requirements:
III 97
6.3.1 Parts shall be uniform in color and texture. Cracks,
IV 99
blisters, holes, porous areas, inclusions, and adherent foreign
particles shall not be permitted. The limits of surface imper-
5. Basis of Purchase
fections such as pits, pocks, chips (open or closed), surface
5.1 Purchase orders for ceramic parts furnished to this
marks, fins, ridges, and flow lines shall be set by mutual
specification shall include the following information:
agreement between the supplier and the purchaser. Limiting
5.1.1 Type designation (see 3.1),
dimensions for these defects, when required for clarification,
5.1.2 Surfacefinishandallowabledefectlimits(ifrequired)
will be listed in the parts drawing or purchase description. For
(Definitions F109, ANSIB46.1, and Appendix X1),
definitions of the surface imperfections enumerated above, see
5.1.3 Part drawing with dimensional tolerances (Appendix
Definitions F109.
X1),
6.3.2 For hermetic seal applications at least ⁄4 of the width
5.1.4 Specific tests (if required),
of the seal surface shall remain intact at the location of any
5.1.5 Certification (if required), and
defect.
5.1.6 Packing and marking.
6.3.3 On other surfaces the limits for defects are such that
6. Requirements the dimensional tolerances of the part are not affected at the
location of the defect.
6.1 This material shall conform to the electrical, mechani-
cal, thermal, and general property requirements specified in
7. Test Specimens
Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.
7.1 Thepreferredspecimensfortestare,wherepossible,the
actual part. When necessary, however, specific test specimens
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
shall be prepared from the same batch of material and by the
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
same processes as those employed in fabricating the ceramic
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
part insofar as possible.
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
8. Specimen Preparation
TABLE 1 Electrical Requirements
8.1 The specimens for tests described in 9.1-9.3 shall be
Property Type I Type II Type III Type IV
preconditioned in accordance with Procedure A of Test Meth-
Dielectric constant,
ods D618.
max 25°C:
at 1 MHz 8.8 9.6 9.8 10.1
at 10 GHz 8.7 9.6 9.8 10.1
9. Test Methods
Dissipation factor,
max 25°C:
9.1 Dielectric Constant and Dissipation Factor—
at 1 MHz 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0002
Determine in accordance with Test Methods D150. Determine
at 10 GHz 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0002
Volume resistivity, values at higher frequencies in accordance with Test Methods
min V·cm:
D2520. Determine values at higher temperatures in accor-
14 14 14 14
at 25°C 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 dance with Test Method D2149.
at 300°C 1 3 10 1 3 10 1 3 10 7 3 10
7 7 7 8
9.2 Volume Resistivity—Determine in accordance with Test
at 500°C 4 3 10 2 3 10 8 3 10 1 3 10
6 6 6 7
at 700°C 4 3 10 2 3 10 6 3 10 1 3 10
Methods D257. For elevated temperature measurements use
5 5 5 6
at 900°C 4 3 10 2 3 10 8 3 10 1 3 10
Procedure A of Test Method D1829.
Dielectric
strength:
3.175 mm 9.85 9.85 9.85 9.85
(0.125 in.) (250 V/mil) (250 V/mil) (250 V/mil) (250 V/mil)
min kV/mm For another suitable method see Dielectric Materials and Applications, edited
by Von Hippel, A., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1954.
D2442 – 75 (2007)
TABLE 3 Thermal Requirements
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Property
min max min max min max min max
Mean coefficient of linear thermal
expansion,µ m/m·°C:
25–200°C 5.4 6.2 5.2 6.7 5.2 6.5 5.5 6.7
25–500°C 6.5 7.0 6.6 7.4 6.7 7.5 6.8 7.6
25–800°C 7.0 7.7 7.3 8.1 7.4 8.1 7.3 8.1
25–1000°C 7.4 8.2 7.5 8.3 7.6 8.3 7.5 8.4
Thermal conductivity, cal/s·cm·°C:
at 100°C 0.023 0.049 0.031 0.077 0.048 0.073 0.052 0.090
at 400°C 0.015 0.022 0.014 0.036 0.022 0.033 0.023 0.047
at 800°C 0.009 0.018 0.009 0.021 0.014 0.021 0.014 0.025
Thermal shock resistance pass pass pass pass
Maximal deformation at 1500°C . . 0.51 mm 0.51 mm
(0.02 in.) (0.02 in.)
A
TABLE 4 General Requirements
9.8 Thermal Shock Resistance—This test is to be agreed
Type upon between supplier and purchaser. It is suggested that the
Property
I II III IV
cold end of the cycle be ice water at 0°C. Methods of heating
B
Density, apparent min 3.37 3.57 3.72 3.78
3 and conditions at elevated temperatures shall be negotiated.
g/cm
Composition, min 82 93 97 99 The transfer from one temperature extreme to another shall be
weight percent
immediate.
Gas Impermeability gas tight
9.9 Temperature Deformation—Determine deformation at
Liquid Impermeability pass 1500°C in accordance with Appendix X2.
9.10 Apparent Density—Determine in accordance withTest
AC
Metallizability
Method F77. For large ceramic parts not covered by this
A method, determine in accordance with Test Methods C20.
Vendors shall, upon request, provide information on these properties as well
9.11 Compositional Analysis—Useeitherquantitativeemis-
as a visual standard of a typical microstructure of their specific ceramic body
depicting its grain size and pore volume. Changes in microstructure of the ceramic
sion spectrographic analysis of the fired ceramic with alumina
are not acceptable as they can affect the behavior of the ceramic toward a
content determined by difference or Methods C573 after
metallizing process.
B
The apparent density of a ceramic body is a function of the amount and the assuming that all determined metallic and reactive elements
density of the primary Al O phase and the secondary phase plus the amount of
2 3
originally are present as their highest form of oxide.
pores inherent to that body. The acceptable density limits for a specific alumina
9.12 Gas Impermeability—When air fired at 900°C for 30
body must be consistent with the composition and the pore volume of the ceramic
supplied by supplier and shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
min and handled with tweezers only, then tested on a helium
supplier. Variation in the apparent density of a specific ceramic body shall be within
mass spectrometer leak detector capable of detecting a leak of
61 percent of the nominal value.
−9 3
C
10 atm·cm /s, the ceramic is considered impermeable if a
Generally, very high alumina content results in increased difficulty of metalliz-
ing; however, variations in metallizing compositions and techniques can produce
specimen 0.254 mm (0.010 in.) thick shows no indication of
excellent seals in all four types of alumina ceramics. Because of a wide variation 2 2
helium leakage when an area of 322.6 mm (0.5 in. ) is tested
in materials and techniques, no specific test is recommended. A referee test for
for 15 s at room temperature (Method1014, Seal, of MIL-
seal strength is Method F19.
STD-883 and Test Methods F134).
9.13 Liquid Impermeability—Determineinaccordancewith
9.3 Dielectric Strength—Run this test under oil in accor-
Methods D116.
dancewith6.1.1ofTestMethodsD149,withariserateof1000 9.14 Surface Imperfections—Examine visually for surface
V/s on a 3.175-mm (0.125-in.) thick test specimen.
imperfections with or without the aid of a dye penetrant as in
9.4 Flexural Strength—Determine in accordance with Test Practice E165.Agreement by purchaser and supplier regarding
Method F417 or Methods D116. Somewhat lower values will
specific techniques is strongly recommended.
result if Methods D116 are used. The method to be used shall 9.15 Surface Finish—If surface finish is specified, it shall
be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.
be determined by any appropriate method agreed upon by
9.5 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio—Determine purchaser and supplier.
in accordance with Test Method C623.
10. Inspection
9.6 Thermal Expansion—Determine in accordance with
10.1 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
Test Method E228.
purchaser, the purchaser may inspect the ceramic parts and
9.7 Thermal Conductivity—Determine in accordance with
verify the test results at the manufacturer’s facility. Otherwise
Test Method C408. For temperatures in excess of 149 C (300
thepurchasershallinspectandtesttheceramicpartswithinone
F), use a suitable method.
month of the date of receipt by the purchaser or at such other
times as may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
manufacturer.
For a suitable method see Francl, J., and Kingery, W. D., “An Apparatus for
10.2 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
Determining Conductivity by a Comparative Method,” Journal of the American
Ceramic Society, JACTAVol 37, 1954, p. 80. purchaser, the manufacturer shall supply, prior to fabrication,
D2442 – 75 (2007)
duplicate test specimens to the purchaser for his testing 13. Packing and Marking
purposes. These specimens shall be identical with those tested
13.1 Special packing techniques shall be subject to agree-
by the manufacturer, insofar as it is possible.
ment between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Otherwise
11. Lot Acceptance Procedure all parts shall be handled, inspected, and packed in such a
mannerastoavoidchipping,scratches,andcontamination,and
11.1 Unless
...
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