ASTM D2442-75(2012)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic Applications
Standard Specification for Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic Applications
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for fabricated alumina parts suitable for electronic and electrical applications and ceramic-to-metal seals as used in electron devices. This standard specifies limits and methods of test for electrical, mechanical, thermal, and general properties of the bodies used for these fabricated parts, regardless of part geometry.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D2442 −75(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Specification for
Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2442; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D116Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for
Electrical Applications
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstherequirementsforfabricated
D149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
alumina parts suitable for electronic and electrical applications
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
and ceramic-to-metal seals as used in electron devices. This
at Commercial Power Frequencies
standard specifies limits and methods of test for electrical,
D150Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
mechanical, thermal, and general properties of the bodies used
tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
for these fabricated parts, regardless of part geometry.
D257Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Insulating Materials
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
only.
D1711Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
D1829Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
2. Referenced Documents
Materials at Elevated Temperatures (Withdrawn 2001)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2149Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
C20Test Methods forApparent Porosity, WaterAbsorption,
And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
D2520Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric
C108Symbols for Heat Transmission
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-
C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C (With-
Products
drawn 2010)
C408Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
Ceramics
E12Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
C573Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Fireclay and High-
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)
Alumina Refractories (Withdrawn 1995)
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
C623Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
Lot or Process
Resonance
E165Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Industry
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
This specification is under the jurisdiction of Committee C21 on Ceramic
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F19Test Method for Tension and Vacuum Testing Metal-
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
lized Ceramic Seals
This specification also includes material and suggestions provided by ASTM
Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials. F77Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics for
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published April 2012. Originally
Electron Device and Semiconductor Application (With-
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2442–75(2007).
drawn 2001)
DOI: 10.1520/D2442-75R12.
F109Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Ceramics
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F134Test Methods for Determining Hermeticity of Electron
the ASTM website.
3 Devices with a Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
(Withdrawn 1996)
www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2442−75 (2012)
TABLE 1 Electrical Requirements
F417Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-
ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics (Withdrawn 2001) Property Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Dielectric constant,
2.2 Other Standards:
max 25°C:
MIL-STD-105 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspec-
at 1 MHz 8.8 9.6 9.8 10.1
tion by Attributes
at 10 GHz 8.7 9.6 9.8 10.1
Dissipation factor,
MIL-STD-883Test Methods and Procedures for Microelec-
5 max 25°C:
tronics
at 1 MHz 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0002
ANSIB46.1Surface Texture
at 10 GHz 0.002 0.001 0.0005 0.0002
Volume resistivity,
minΩ·cm:
3. Terminology
14 14 14 14
at 25°C 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10
at 300°C 1 × 10 1×10 1×10 7×10
3.1 Definitions:
7 7 7 8
at 500°C 4 × 10 2×10 8×10 1×10
3.1.1 The applicable definitions of terms in the following
6 6 6 7
at 700°C 4 × 10 2×10 6×10 1×10
5 5 5 6
documentsshallapplytothisspecification:SymbolsC108,and
at 900°C 4 × 10 2×10 8×10 1×10
Dielectric
Definitions C242, D1711, E6, E12, and F109.
strength:
3.175 mm 9.85 9.85 9.85 9.85
4. Classification
(0.125 in.) (250 V/mil) (250 V/mil) (250 V/mil) (250 V/mil)
min kV/mm
4.1 Ceramics covered by this specification shall be classi-
fied by alumina content as follows:
Alumina Content
TABLE 2 Mechanical Requirements
Type Weight percent, min
Property Type I Type II Type III Type IV
I82
II 93
Flexural strength, 240 275 275 275
III 97 A
min avg, (35 000) (40 000) (40 000) (40 000)
IV 99 MPa (psi)
Modulus of 215 275 310 345
6 6 6 6
elasticity, min, (31×10 ) (40×10 ) (45×10 ) (50×10 )
5. Basis of Purchase
GPa (psi)
5.1 Purchase orders for ceramic parts furnished to this Poisson’s ratio, 0.20 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.25 0.20 to 0.25
average
specification shall include the following information:
A
Maximum permissible coefficient of variation is 10 percent.
5.1.1 Type designation (see 3.1),
5.1.2 Surface finish and allowable defect limits (if required)
(Definitions F109, ANSI B46.1, and Appendix X1),
5.1.3 Part drawing with dimensional tolerances (Appendix
X1),
dimensions for these defects, when required for clarification,
5.1.4 Specific tests (if required),
will be listed in the parts drawing or purchase description. For
5.1.5 Certification (if required), and
definitions of the surface imperfections enumerated above, see
5.1.6 Packing and marking.
Definitions F109.
6.3.2 For hermetic seal applications at least ⁄4 of the width
6. Requirements
of the seal surface shall remain intact at the location of any
6.1 This material shall conform to the electrical, mechani-
defect.
cal, thermal, and general property requirements specified in
6.3.3 On other surfaces the limits for defects are such that
Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.
the dimensional tolerances of the part are not affected at the
6.2 Dimensionalandsurfacefinishrequirementsoftheparts location of the defect.
shall be as agreed between the supplier and the purchaser;
however, guidance for establishing such an agreement is 7. Test Specimens
provided in Appendix X1.
7.1 Thepreferredspecimensfortestare,wherepossible,the
6.3 Visual Requirements: actual part. When necessary, however, specific test specimens
shall be prepared from the same batch of material and by the
6.3.1 Parts shall be uniform in color and texture. Cracks,
blisters, holes, porous areas, inclusions, and adherent foreign same processes as those employed in fabricating the ceramic
part insofar as possible.
particles shall not be permitted. The limits of surface imper-
fections such as pits, pocks, chips (open or closed), surface
8. Specimen Preparation
marks, fins, ridges, and flow lines shall be set by mutual
agreement between the supplier and the purchaser. Limiting
8.1 The specimens for tests described in 9.1-9.3 shall be
preconditioned in accordance with Procedure A of Test Meth-
ods D618.
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700 9. Test Methods
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
9.1 Dielectric Constant and Dissipation Factor—Determine
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. in accordance with Test Methods D150. Determine values at
D2442−75 (2012)
TABLE 3 Thermal Requirements
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Property
min max min max min max min max
Mean coefficient of linear thermal
expansion,µ m/m·°C:
25–200°C 5.4 6.2 5.2 6.7 5.2 6.5 5.5 6.7
25–500°C 6.5 7.0 6.6 7.4 6.7 7.5 6.8 7.6
25–800°C 7.0 7.7 7.3 8.1 7.4 8.1 7.3 8.1
25–1000°C 7.4 8.2 7.5 8.3 7.6 8.3 7.5 8.4
Thermal conductivity, cal/s·cm·°C:
at 100°C 0.023 0.049 0.031 0.077 0.048 0.073 0.052 0.090
at 400°C 0.015 0.022 0.014 0.036 0.022 0.033 0.023 0.047
at 800°C 0.009 0.018 0.009 0.021 0.014 0.021 0.014 0.025
Thermal shock resistance pass pass pass pass
Maximal deformation at 1500°C . . 0.51 mm 0.51 mm
(0.02 in.) (0.02 in.)
A
TABLE 4 General Requirements
9.5 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio—Determine
Type
in accordance with Test Method C623.
Property
I II III IV
B
Density, apparent min 3.37 3.57 3.72 3.78 9.6 Thermal Expansion—Determine in accordance with
g/cm
Test Method E228.
Composition, min 82 93 97 99
weight percent
9.7 Thermal Conductivity—Determine in accordance with
Gas Impermeability gas tight
Test Method C408. For temperatures in excess of 149 C (300
Liquid Impermeability pass F), use a suitable method.
AC
9.8 Thermal Shock Resistance—This test is to be agreed
Metallizability
upon between supplier and purchaser. It is suggested that the
A
Vendors shall, upon request, provide information on these properties as well as cold end of the cycle be ice water at 0°C. Methods of heating
a visual standard of a typical microstructure of their specific ceramic body depicting
and conditions at elevated temperatures shall be negotiated.
its grain size and pore volume. Changes in microstructure of the ceramic are not
The transfer from one temperature extreme to another shall be
acceptable as they can affect the behavior of the ceramic toward a metallizing
process.
immediate.
B
The apparent density of a ceramic body is a function of the amount and the
9.9 Temperature Deformation—Determine deformation at
density of the primary Al O phase and the secondary phase plus the amount of
2 3
pores inherent to that body. The acceptable density limits for a specific alumina
1500°C in accordance with Appendix X2.
body must be consistent with the composition and the pore volume of the ceramic
supplied by supplier and shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
9.10 Apparent Density—Determine in accordance with Test
supplier. Variation in the apparent density of a specific ceramic body shall be within
Method F77. For large ceramic parts not covered by this
±1 percent of the nominal value.
C
method, determine in accordance with Test Methods C20.
Generally, very high alumina content results in increased difficulty of metallizing;
however, variations in metallizing compositions and techniques can produce
9.11 Compositional Analysis—Use either quantitative emis-
excellent seals in all four types of alumina ceramics. Because of a wide variation
in materials and techniques, no specific test is recommended. A referee test for sion spectrographic analysis of the fired ceramic with alumina
seal strength is Method F19.
content determined by difference or Methods C573 after
assuming that all determined metallic and reactive elements
originally are present as their highest form of oxide.
9.12 Gas Impermeability—When air fired at 900°C for 30
higher frequencies in accordance with Test Methods D2520.
min and handled with tweezers only, then tested on a helium
Determine values at higher temperatures in accordance with
mass spectrometer leak detector capable of detecting a leak of
−9 3
Test Method D2149.
10 atm·cm /s, the ceramic is considered impermeable if a
9.2 Volume Resistivity—Determine in accordance with Test specimen 0.254 mm (0.010 in.) thick shows no indication of
2 2
helium leakage when an area of 322.6 mm (0.5 in. ) is tested
Methods D257. For elevated temperature measurements use
Procedure A of Test Method D1829. for 15 s at room temperature (Method1014, Seal, of MIL-
STD-883 and Test Methods F134).
9.3 Dielectric Strength—Run this test under oil in accor-
dancewith6.1.1ofTestMethodsD149,withariserateof1000 9.13 Liquid Impermeability—Determine in accordance with
V/s on a 3.175-mm (0.125-in.) thick test specimen. Methods D116.
9.4 Flexural Strength—Determine in accordance with Test 9.14 Surface Imperfections—Examine visually for surface
Method F417 or Methods D116. Somewhat lower values will imperfections with or without the aid of a dye penetrant as in
Practice E165.Agreement by purchaser and supplier regarding
result if Methods D116 are used. The method to be used shall
be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser. specific techniques is strongly recommended.
For a suitable method see Francl, J., and Kingery, W. D., “An Apparatus for
For another suitable method see Dielectric Materials and Applications, edited Determining Conductivity by a Comparative Method,” Journal of the American
by Von Hippel, A., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1954. Ceramic Society, JACTA Vol 37, 1954, p. 80.
D2442−75 (2012)
9.15 Surface Finish—Ifsurfacefinishisspecified,itshallbe fications. Inspection levels shall be agreed upon between the
determined by any appropriate method agreed upon by pur- supplier and the purchaser.
chaser and supplier.
12. Certification
10. Inspection
12.1 Any test results requiring certification shall be explic-
10.1 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
itly agreed upon, in writing, between the purchaser and the
purchaser, the purchaser may inspect the ceramic parts and
manufacturer.
verify the test results at the manufacturer’s facility. Otherwise
thepurchasershallinspectandtesttheceramicpartswithinone
13. Packing and Marking
month of the date of receipt by the purchaser or at such other
13.1 Special packing techniques shall be subject to agree-
times as may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
ment between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Otherwise
manufacturer.
all parts shall be handled, inspected, and packed in such a
10.2 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
mannerastoav
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