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ASTM D2132-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials

Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to differentiate solid electrical insulating materials with respect to their resistance to the action of electric arcs produced by conduction through surface films of a specified contaminant containing moisture. Test Methods D 2302 and D 2303 may also be used to evaluate materials.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are the standard, except in cases where SI units are more appropriate. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.4.
Note 1—There is no equivalent ISO standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2003
ICS
29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2132-98 - Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D2132-11 - Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials
Effective Date
15-Apr-2011
Referred By
ASTM D2303-20e1 - Standard Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3554-20e1 - Standard Specification for Track-Resistant Thermoplastic High-Density Polyethylene Insulation for Wire and Cable, 75 °C Operation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D2633-21 - Standard Test Methods for Thermoplastic Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D470-21 - Standard Test Methods for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D1755-21 - Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Resins
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D229-19e1 - Standard Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3555-20e1 - Standard Specification for Track-Resistant Crosslinked Polyethylene Insulation for Wire and Cable, 90 °C Operation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D495-22 - Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5456-21e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003

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ASTM D2132-03 - Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating MaterialsASTM D2132-03 - Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials
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ASTM D2132-03 - Standard Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D2132 – 03
Standard Test Method for
Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical
1
Insulating Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method is intended to differentiate solid elec- 3.1 Definitions:
trical insulating materials with respect to their resistance to the 3.1.1 For definitions pertinent to this test method see Ter-
action of electric arcs produced by conduction through surface minology D1711.
films of a specified contaminant containing moisture. Test
4. Summary of Test Method
Methods D2302 and D2303 may also be used to evaluate
4.1 With electrodes mounted as shown in Fig. 1, coat test
materials.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are the standard, specimens with a synthetic dust and test in a chamber shown in
Fig. 2. Direct a water spray at the test specimen. After the
exceptincaseswhereSIunitsaremoreappropriate.Thevalues
in parentheses are for information only. surface has been wetted, apply a 60-Hz voltage between the
electrodes.Arcingoccursacrosslocalizedhigh-resistanceareas
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the produced by nonuniform evaporation of the water from the
contaminant. These arcs produce high temperatures in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- underlying insulation with resultant carbonization of most
organic materials. The carbonization concentrates the electric
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
tionary statements are given in 11.4. field. Further carbonization may occur in the direction of the
field. In such cases, a carbon track is formed which spans the
NOTE 1—There is no equivalent ISO standard.
distance between the electrodes and causes failure. Materials
thatdonottrackmayerodeundertheactionofthearcing.Such
2. Referenced Documents
erosion usually progresses from an upper electrode through the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thickness of the specimen towards the underlying electrode.
D709 Specification for Laminated Thermosetting Materials
4.2 Rate materials that track in terms of the time required to
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
form a track between the electrodes.
D2302 Method of Test for Differential Wet Tracking Resis-
4.3 Rate materials that do not track in terms of the time
tance of Electrical Insulating Materials with Controlled
required to erode to failure.
3
Water-to-Metal Discharges
4.4 Failure will be indicated when the current increases
D2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-
sufficiently to actuate an overcurrent device.
Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Materials
NOTE 2—The conditions of this test favor the formation of a track for
several possible reasons. Most important, the continuous renewal of the
conductingpropertiesofthecontaminantbythewatersprayallowsatrack
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
to grow progressively over long periods of time.
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.18 on Solid Insulations, Non-Metallic Shieldings and Coverings
5. Significance and Use
for Electrical and Telecommunication Wires and Cables.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originally
5.1 Method—Electrical insulation in service may fail as a
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D2132 – 98. DOI:
result of tracking, erosion, or a combination of both, if it is
10.1520/D2132-03.
2
exposed to high relative humidity and contamination environ-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ments. This is particularly true of organic insulations in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
outdoor applications where the surface of the insulation be-
the ASTM website.
3 comes contaminated by deposits of moisture and dirt, for
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. example, coal dust or salt spray. This test method is an
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2132 – 03
resistance to tracking-induced erosion.
...

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6.1 Method—It is possible that electrical insulation in service will fail as a result of tracking, erosion, or a combination of both, if exposed to high relative humidity and contamination environments. This is particularly true of organic insulations in outdoor applications where the surface of the insulation becomes contaminated by deposits of moisture and dirt, for example, coal dust or salt spray. This test method is an accelerated test that simulates extremely severe outdoor contamination. It is believed that the most severe conditions likely to be encountered in outdoor service in the United States will be relatively mild compared to the conditions specified in this test method.  
6.2 Test Results—Materials can be classified by this test method as tracking-resistant, tracking-affected, or tracking-susceptible. The exact test values for these categories as they apply to specific uses will be specified in the appropriate material specifications, but guideline figures are suggested in Note 4. Tracking-resistant materials, unless erosion failure occurs first, have the potential to last many hundreds of hours (Note 5). Erosion, though it is possible that it will progress laterally, generally results in a failure perpendicular to the specimen surface. Therefore, compare only specimens of the same nominal thickness for resistance to tracking-induced erosion. Estimate the extent of erosion from measurements of the depth of penetration of the erosion. Place materials that are not tracking-susceptible in three broad categories—erosion-resistant, erosion-affected, and erosion-susceptible. When the standard thickness specimen is tested, the following times to failure typify the categories (Note 6):    
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Erosion-affected  
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Note 1: There is no equivalent ISO standard.  
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5.1 During operation of electrical equipment, including wires, resistors, and other conductors, it is possible for overheating to occur under certain conditions of operation, or when malfunctions occur. When this happens, a possible result is ignition of the adjacent insulation material.  
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5.4 This method is suitable, subject to the appropriate limitations of an expected precision of ±15 %, to categorize materials.  
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1.1 This test method covers the minimum temperature required to ignite insulating materials using a glowing heat source. In a preliminary fashion, this test method differentiates between the susceptibilities of different materials with respect to their resistance to ignition due to an electrically-heated source.  
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1.4 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
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1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-12 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) using either test method are technically similar. Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) using either test method are technically similar.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical and electronic insulating materials.  
1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D09.94 and through D09 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulating materials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directly associated with a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.  
1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as printed in standards of originating technical subcommittees, with the exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a term in that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard, a parenthetical addition of a reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to this compilation.  
1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standard which did not originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09, or which originated in a standard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and that have been appropriately balloted, shall also be included in this terminology standard.  
1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of the representation of terms, where appropriate.  
1.5 It is not intended that this terminology standard include symbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible to include acronyms and abbreviations referring directly to defined terms.  
1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 are to be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and the corresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technical subcommittees.  
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Standard Specification for Pressboard for Electrical Insulating Purposes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3394-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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