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ASTM D5918-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils

Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods can be used to determine the relative frost-susceptibility of soils used in pavement systems. Both the frost heave susceptibility and the thaw weakening susceptibility can be determined.  
These test methods should be used only for seasonal frost conditions and not for permanent or long-term freezing of soil. These test methods also have not been validated for anything other than pavement systems.
These test methods cannot be used to predict the amount of frost heave or thaw weakening in the field. Its purpose is to determine the relative frost-susceptibility classification for use in empirical pavement design methods for seasonal frost regions.
SCOPE
1.1 These laboratory test methods cover the frost heave and thaw weakening susceptibilities of soil that is tested in the laboratory by comparing the heave rate and thawed bearing ratio with values in an established classification system. This test was developed to classify the frost susceptibility of soils used in pavements. It should be used for soils where frost-susceptibility considerations, based on particle size such as the limit of 3 % finer than 20 mm in Specification D 2940, are uncertain. This is most important for frost-susceptibility criteria such as those used by the Corps of Engineers, that require a freezing test for aggregates of inconclusive frost classification. The frost heave susceptibility is determined from the heave rate during freezing. The thaw weakening susceptibility is determined with the bearing ratio test (see Test Method D 1883).
1.2 This is an index test for estimating the relative degree of frost-susceptibility of soils used in pavement systems. It cannot be used to predict the amount of frost heave nor the strength after thawing, nor can it be used for applications involving long-term freezing of permafrost or for foundations of refrigerated structures.
1.3 The test methods described are for one specimen and uses manual temperature control. It is suggested that four specimens be tested simultaneously and that the temperature control and data taking be automated using a computer.
1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.4.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be regarded a nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 This Standard is written using SI units. Inch-pound units are provided for convenience. The values stated in inch pound units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they shall be used independently of the SI system. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically ...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
13.080.01 - Soil quality and pedology in general
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.19 - Frozen Soils and Rock
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5918-96(2001) - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D5918-13 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
Effective Date
01-Feb-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7762-18e1 - Standard Practice for Design of Stabilization of Soil and Soil-Like Materials with Self-Cementing Fly Ash
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7765-18a - Standard Practice for Use of Foundry Sand in Structural Fill and Embankments
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5787-20 - Standard Practice for Monitoring Well Protection At or Near Land Surface
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM D5918-06 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of SoilsASTM D5918-06 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
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ASTM D5918-06 - Standard Test Methods for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5918 − 06
StandardTest Methods for
1
Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
1.1 These laboratory test methods cover the frost heave and
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
thaw weakening susceptibilities of soil that is tested in the
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
laboratory by comparing the heave rate and thawed bearing
2 dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
ratio with values in an established classification system. This
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
test was developed to classify the frost susceptibility of soils
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
used in pavements. It should be used for soils where frost-
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
susceptibility considerations, based on particle size such as the
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
limit of 3% finer than 20 mm in Specification D2940, are
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
uncertain. This is most important for frost-susceptibility crite-
3
methods for engineering design.
ria such as those used by the Corps of Engineers, that require
1.4.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or
a freezing test for aggregates of inconclusive frost classifica-
better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be
tion. The frost heave susceptibility is determined from the
regarded a nonconformance with this standard.
heave rate during freezing. The thaw weakening susceptibility
1.5 ThisStandardiswrittenusingSIunits.Inch-poundunits
is determined with the bearing ratio test (see Test Method
are provided for convenience. The values stated in inch pound
D1883).
units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they shall be
1.2 Thisisanindextestforestimatingtherelativedegreeof
used independently of the SI system. Combining values from
frost-susceptibilityofsoilsusedinpavementsystems.Itcannot
the two systems may result in nonconformance with this
be used to predict the amount of frost heave nor the strength
standard.
after thawing, nor can it be used for applications involving
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
long-term freezing of permafrost or for foundations of refrig-
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
erated structures.
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
1.3 The test methods described are for one specimen and
isslugs.Therationalizedslugunitisnotgiven,unlessdynamic
uses manual temperature control. It is suggested that four
(F=ma) calculations are involved.
specimens be tested simultaneously and that the temperature
1.5.2 It is common practice in the engineering/ construction
control and data taking be automated using a computer.
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
1.4 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
guideforsignificantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine
D6026.
theuseoftwoseparatesetsofinch-poundunitswithinasingle
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
andRockandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.19onFrozenSoils
unitformass.However,theuseofbalancesorscalesrecording
and Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5918–96(2001).
be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
DOI: 10.1520/D5918-06.
2
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Sometimes called California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
3
The Army Corps of Engineers uses a frost susceptibility classification proce-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dure(TM5-818-2)basedonparticlesizecriteriaandtheUnifiedSoilClassification
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
System (MIL-STD-619) field. Furthermore, this test should only be used for
priate safety
...

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1.1 This practice provides a guide for evaluation and certification procedures for personnel engaged in testing soil and rock in accordance with ASTM test methods and is intended for use by independent organizations providing certification services.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.1 Rolled erosion control products are intended to protect seed beds from erosion and provide an environment that encourages seed germination. Maintaining a moist environment by gradually releasing absorbed moisture helps provide a beneficial growth environment. The ability of a product to absorb moisture is commonly specified. This test method can be used for quality control and to determine product conformance to a specification.  
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5.4 This test method may be used to determine the effect of different component materials and makeup of RECPs on the change in mass when submerged in water.  
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5.6 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the evaluation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired date and an acceptable probability level ch...
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1.1 This test method measures the change in mass of a rolled erosion control product when specimens are submerged in water for a prescribed period of time. The change in mass is reported as a percentage of the original dry mass of the specimen.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbf) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) through the determination of the quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) that organic matter and other naturally occurring oxidizable species present in soil or aquifer solids will consume under specified conditions as a function of time. Oxidizable species may include organic constituents and oxidizable inorganic ions, such as ferrous iron and sulfides. The following test methods are included:
Test Method A—48-hour Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand
Test Method B—Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand Kinetics  
Test Method C—Permanganate Total Oxidant Demand  
1.2 These test methods are limited by the reagents employed to a permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) of 40 g KMnO4 per kg soil or aquifer solids after a period of 48 hours (Methods A and C) or two weeks (Method B).  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to interpret the results of the data. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to interpret the results obtained and to determine the applicability of these results prior to use.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8167/D8167M-23e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for In-Place Bulk Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by a Low-Activity Nuclear Method (Shallow Depth)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for in-place measurements of bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate. Test results may be used for the determination of dry density if the water content of the soil or soil-aggregate is determined by separate means, such as those methods described in Test Methods D2216, D4643, D4944, and D4959.  
4.2 The test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The nondestructive nature allows repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.  
4.3 Density—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the method is that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material is homogeneous.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate using nuclear equipment with radioactive sources (hereafter referred to simply as “gauges”). These gauges are distinct from those described in Test Method D6938 insofar as:  
1.1.1 These gauges do not contain a system (nuclear or otherwise) for the determination of the water content of the material under measurement.  
1.1.2 These gauges have photon yields sufficiently low as to require the inclusion of background radiation effects on the response during normal operation.
1.1.2.1 For the devices described in Test Method D6938, the contribution of gamma rays detected from the naturally-occurring radioisotopes in most soils (hereafter referred to as “background”) compared to the contribution of gamma rays used by the device to measure in-place bulk density is typically small enough to be negligible in terms of their effect on measurement accuracy. However, for these low-activity gauges, the gamma ray yield from the gauge is low enough that the background contribution from most soils compared to the contribution of gamma rays from the gauge is no longer negligible, and changes in this background can adversely affect the accuracy of the bulk density reading.
1.1.2.2 In order to compensate for potentially differing background contribution to low-activity gauge measurements at different test sites, a background reading must be taken in conjunction with gauge measurements obtained at a given test site. This background reading is utilized in the bulk density calculation performed by the gauge with the goal of minimizing these background effects on the density measurement accuracy.  
1.2 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.  
1.3 The bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] and the detector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation).  
1.3.1 The bulk density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.  
1.3.2 Neither the dry density nor the water content of the test sample is measured by this device. However, the results of this test can be used with the water content or water mass per unit volume value determined by alternative methods to determine the dry density of the test sample.  
1.4 The gauge is calibrated to read the bulk den...

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ASTM D7560-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fiber Length Percentages in Hydraulic Erosion Control Products (HECPs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fiber length of an HECP plays a role in the ability of the HECP to effectively be mixed and applied. This standard can be used by manufacturers to evaluate their manufacturing process (quality assurance/quality control). Laboratories can also use this method for quality assurance/quality control and also conformance to criteria testing.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Hydraulic erosion control product (HECP) fibers are manufactured and processed to specific length and width dimensions to facilitate the hydraulic application and to prevent clogging of the pump, recirculation pipes, nozzles, and tips. This test method is used to determine the length of the fibers on a percentage basis in an HECP.  
1.2 This test method can be used to evaluate an HECP during and after manufacturing. The results can be used for comparative evaluations of the manufacturing process.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Sieve designations are shown in both the standard and alternative designations.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D653-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.  
3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.  
3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.  
3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).  
3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.  
3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term.  
3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.  
3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.  
3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:
D—Dimensionless
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4
M—Mass, such as kilogram, gram
T—Time, such as second, minute  
3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”  
3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example:
FL−2—may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
LT−1—may be expressed in feet per minu...
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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