ASTM B406-96(2015)

Standard Test Method for Transverse Rupture Strength of Cemented Carbides

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used as a means of determining the quality of cemented carbide grade powders by measuring their sintered strength. It is performed on test specimens prepared to specified shape, dimensions, and surface finish; test specimens may be prepared from finished parts if size permits. There is no known standard material for this test method. The transverse rupture strength of cemented carbides is not a design value.  
3.1.1 Most commercial cemented carbides have mechanical behavior that is best classified as brittle (negligible ductility). Fracture strengths are dependent on internal or surface flaws. Examples of incoherent internal flaws are macropores, Type B porosity (see Test Method B276), and inclusions of foreign particles. Such flaws are randomly distributed spatially and in size within the sintered material. This imparts a statistical nature to any transverse rupture strength measurement.  
3.1.2 The stress distribution in a beam in three-point loading is non-uniform. It increases linearly along the span to a maximum at the center, and varies linearly through any section from compression on the top to tension on the bottom. The maximum tensile stress therefore occurs at center span in the bottom most fibers of the sample, and is defined as the transverse rupture strength at failure. Failure is initiated at a random flaw site, which is most probably not coincident with the maximum stress. This imparts an additional statistical nature to transverse rupture strength measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the transverse rupture strength of cemented carbides.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2015
• ICS: 77.160 - Powder metallurgy
• Technical Committee: B09 - Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products
• Drafting Committee: B09.06 - Cemented Carbides

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B406 − 96 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Rupture Strength of Cemented Carbides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B406; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Fracture strengths are dependent on internal or surface flaws.
2 Examples of incoherent internal flaws are macropores, Type B
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
porosity (see Test Method B276), and inclusions of foreign
transverse rupture strength of cemented carbides.
particles. Such flaws are randomly distributed spatially and in
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
size within the sintered material. This imparts a statistical
as the standard. The SI values in parentheses are provided for
nature to any transverse rupture strength measurement.
information only.
3.1.2 Thestressdistributioninabeaminthree-pointloading
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety is non-uniform. It increases linearly along the span to a
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
maximum at the center, and varies linearly through any section
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and from compression on the top to tension on the bottom. The
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
maximum tensile stress therefore occurs at center span in the
limitations prior to use. bottom most fibers of the sample, and is defined as the
transverse rupture strength at failure. Failure is initiated at a
2. Referenced Documents
random flaw site, which is most probably not coincident with
2.1 ASTM Standards: the maximum stress. This imparts an additional statistical
nature to transverse rupture strength measurements.
B276 Test Method for Apparent Porosity in Cemented Car-
bides
4. Apparatus
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO-3327 Hardmetals—Determination of Transverse Rup- 4.1 Either a specially adapted machine for applying the load
or a special fixture suitable for use with a conventional
ture Strength
load-applying machine may be used. In either case, the
3. Significance and Use
apparatus shall have the following parts:
4.1.1 Two ground-cemented-carbide cylinders 0.250 6
3.1 This test method is used as a means of determining the
0.001 in. (6.35 6 0.02 mm) in diameter, at least 0.500 in. (13
quality of cemented carbide grade powders by measuring their
mm) in length with the long axes parallel, and center to center
sintered strength. It is performed on test specimens prepared to
spacing of 0.563 6 0.005 in. (14.3 6 0.1 mm).
specified shape, dimensions, and surface finish; test specimens
4.1.2 Amovablemember(freetomovesubstantiallyonlyin
maybepreparedfromfinishedpartsifsizepermits.Thereisno
a line perpendicular to the plane established by the axes of the
known standard material for this test method. The transverse
two cylinders) containing a 0.4 6 0.05-in. (10 6 1.3-mm)
rupture strength of cemented carbides is not a design value.
cemented-tungsten-carbide ball or a ground-cemented-carbide
3.1.1 Most commercial cemented carbides have mechanical
cylinder of the same dimensions as, and with axis parallel to,
behavior that is best classified as brittle (negligible ductility).
those of the two previously mentioned cylinders (see 4.1.1).
This ball or cylinder shall be so positioned that movements of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal
the member will cause the ball or cylinder to contact a
Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
specimen placed on the two lower cylinders at the midpoint of
mittee B09.06 on Cemented Carbides.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally
the span between them.
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as B406 – 96 (2010).
4.1.3 The apparatus shall be so constructed that the appli-
DOI: 10.1520/B0406-96R15.
cation of a sufficient load to the movable member to effect
This test method is comparable to ISO-3327.
breaking of a specimen will not cause appreciable deflection of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
the line of movement of the movable member and the plane
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
established by the two fixed cylinders. The apparatus shall be
the ASTM website.
capable of applying sufficient load to break the specimen. The
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. apparatus shall be capable of registering the load required
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B406 − 96 (2015)
(within 61 % of the load) to break the specimen. The 7.3 Perform all tests at room temperature but not lower than
cemented-tungsten-carbide ball and cylinders shall not show 65°F (18°C).
permanent deformation after use.
7.4 Five specimens shall be tested.
5. Specimen Size
8. Calculation
5.1 The cemented carbide specimens shall be ground to the
8.1 Calculate the transverse rupture stren
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B406 − 96 (Reapproved 2010) B406 − 96 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Rupture Strength of Cemented Carbides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B406; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the transverse rupture strength of cemented carbides.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B276 Test Method for Apparent Porosity in Cemented Carbides
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO-3327 Hardmetals—Determination of Transverse Rupture Strength
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method is used as a means of determining the quality of cemented carbide grade powders by measuring their
sintered strength. It is performed on test specimens prepared to specified shape, dimensions, and surface finish; test specimens may
be prepared from finished parts if size permits. There is no known standard material for this test method. The transverse rupture
strength of cemented carbides is not a design value.
3.1.1 Most commercial cemented carbides have mechanical behavior that is best classified as brittle (negligible ductility).
Fracture strengths are dependent on internal or surface flaws. Examples of incoherent internal flaws are macropores, Type B
porosity (see Test Method B276), and inclusions of foreign particles. Such flaws are randomly distributed spatially and in size
within the sintered material. This imparts a statistical nature to any transverse rupture strength measurement.
3.1.2 The stress distribution in a beam in three-point loading is non-uniform. It increases linearly along the span to a maximum
at the center, and varies linearly through any section from compression on the top to tension on the bottom. The maximum tensile
stress therefore occurs at center span in the bottom most fibers of the sample, and is defined as the transverse rupture strength at
failure. Failure is initiated at a random flaw site, which is most probably not coincident with the maximum stress. This imparts
an additional statistical nature to transverse rupture strength measurements.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Either a specially adapted machine for applying the load or a special fixture suitable for use with a conventional
load-applying machine may be used. In either case, the apparatus shall have the following parts:
4.1.1 Two ground-cemented-carbide cylinders 0.250 6 0.001 in. (6.35 6 0.02 mm) in diameter, at least 0.500 in. (13 mm) in
length with the long axes parallel, and center to center spacing of 0.563 6 0.005 in. (14.3 6 0.1 mm).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B09.06
on Cemented Carbides.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2010 October 2015. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
B406 – 96 (2005).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/B0406-96R10.10.1520/B0406-96R15.
This test method is comparable to ISO-3327.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B406 − 96 (2015)
4.1.2 A movable member (free to move substantially only in a line perpendicular to the plane established by the axes of the two
cylinders) containing a 0.4 6 0.05-in. (10 6 1.3-mm) cemented-tungsten-carbide ball or a ground-cemented-carbide cylinder of
the same dimensions as, and with axis parallel to, those of the two previously mentioned cylinders (see 4.1.1). This ball or cylinder
shall be so positioned that movements of the member will cause the ball or cylinder to contact a specimen placed on the two lower
cylinders at the midpoint of the span between them.
4.1.3 The apparatus shall be so constructed that the application of a sufficient load to the movable member to effect breaking
of a specimen will not cause appreciable deflection of the line of movement of the movable member and the plane established by
the two fixed cylinders. The apparatus shall be capable of applying sufficient load to break the specimen. The apparatus shall be
capable of registering the load required (within 61 % of the load) to break the specimen. The cemented-tungsten-carbide ball and
cylinders shall not show permanent deformation after use.
5. Specimen Size
5.1 The cemented carbide specimens shall be ground to the
...