ASTM C1040-05

Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete, Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive techniques for the in-place determination of the density of unhardened concrete. The backscatter test method is also useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material under test is homogeneous.
These test methods are suitable for control and for assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evaluation of concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for research and development.  
Note 1—Care must be taken when using these test methods in monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual density achieved to the maximum density attainable with a particular concrete. The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual density. A density measurement, by any test method, is a function of the components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to the normal, acceptable variability of those components.
Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences are minimized by instrument design and by the user’compliance with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the density of underlying material. The backscatter test method exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus’sensitivity to the material under it decreases with distance from the surface of the concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, including roller compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes on the nuclear test see .
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:SectionTest Method A-Direct Transmission7Test Method B-Backscatter8
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2005
• ICS: 91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
• Technical Committee: C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
• Drafting Committee: C09.45 - Roller-Compacted Concrete

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1040-93(2000) - Standard Test Methods for Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete In Place By Nuclear Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2005
• Replaced By: ASTM C1040/C1040M-08 - Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete, Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1040–05
Standard Test Methods for
In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete,
1
Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The
fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are that
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the
in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, includ-
material under test is homogeneous.
ing roller compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes
3.2 These test methods are suitable for control and for
on the nuclear test see Appendix X1.
assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evalu-
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:
ation of concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for
Section
research and development.
Test MethodA—Direct Transmission 7
NOTE 1—Care must be taken when using these test methods in
Test Method B—Backscatter 8
monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
density achieved to the maximum density attainable with a particular
as the standard.The SI equivalents of inch-pound units may be
concrete.The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual
approximate. density. A density measurement, by any test method, is a function of the
components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the normal, acceptable variability of those components.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.3 Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences
are minimized by instrument design and by the user’s compli-
2. Referenced Documents
ance with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the
C 29/C 29M TestMethodforBulkDensity(“UnitWeight”) density of underlying material. The backscatter test method
and Voids in Aggregate
exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus’s sensitivity to the
C 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), material under it decreases with distance from the surface of
Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
the concrete.
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
4. Apparatus
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
4.1 The exact details of construction of the apparatus may
3. Significance and Use
vary,buttheapparatusasawholeshallsatisfytherequirements
3.1 These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive
for system precision stated in Annex A1. The system shall
techniques for the in-place determination of the density of consist of the following:
unhardened concrete. The backscatter test method is also
4.1.1 Gamma Source—An encapsulated and sealed radio-
isotopic source, such as cesium-137 (see X1.2).
4.1.2 Detector—Any type of gamma detector, such as a
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Geiger-Müller tube, scintillation crystal, or proportional
ConcreteandConcreteAggregatesandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
C09.45 on Roller-Compacted Concrete. counter.
Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originally
4.1.3 Probe—For direct transmission measurements, either
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C 1040 – 00.
thegammasourceorthedetectorshallbehousedinaprobefor
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
inserting in a preformed hole in the material to be tested. The
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on probe shall be marked in increments of 2 in. (50 mm) for tests
the ASTM website.
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C1040–05
with probe depths from 2 to 12 in. (50 to 300 mm). The probe differs significantly from that for which the calibration curve
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