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ASTM A982/A982M-10(2020)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers stainless steel forgings for compressor and turbine bucket, blade, and airfoil applications. The stainless steel shall be made by the melting process and either the closed impression die or the open die forging processes may be utilized. Two complete heat treatments, consisting of an austenize, quench, and temper, are permitted. When heat treatment for mechanical properties is followed by straightening, a stress-relieving heat treatment is required. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, impact, hardness, and non-destructive tests. All forgings shall be free of cracks, seams, laps, shrinkage, and similar discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel forgings for compressor and turbine bucket, blade, and airfoil applications.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
29-Feb-2020
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A982/A982M-10(2015) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM A275/A275M-23 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-19 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-May-2019
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-18b - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-18a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Sep-2018
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-18 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Mar-2018
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-17a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Nov-2017
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-17 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-May-2017
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Dec-2016
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-15 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-May-2015
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-14a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-14 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
15-May-2014
Refers
ASTM A788/A788M-13 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Refers
ASTM A275/A275M-08(2013) - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013

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ASTM A982/A982M-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine AirfoilsASTM A982/A982M-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils
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ASTM A982/A982M-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A982/A982M −10 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine
Airfoils
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA982/A982M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E562Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by
Systematic Manual Point Count
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel forgings for
compressor and turbine bucket, blade, and airfoil applications.
3. Ordering Information
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract
Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include a
specifies the applicable M designation (SI units), the inch-
sketchorwrittendescriptionoftheforgingwiththeinquiryand
pound units shall apply.The values stated in either inch-pound
order.
units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.
4. General Requirements
Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values
stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents;
4.1 Materials supplied to this specification shall conform to
therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
from the two systems shall not be combined. requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
marking, certification, product analysis variations and addi-
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
tional supplementary requirements.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.2 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Manufacture
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 MeltingProcess—AllmeltingprocessesofSpecification
2.1 ASTM Standards: A788/A788M are permitted unless Supplementary Require-
ment S1 is invoked by the purchaser.
A275/A275MPracticeforMagneticParticleExaminationof
Steel Forgings
5.2 Forging Process—Either the closed impression die or
A788/A788MSpecification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
the open die forging processes may be utilized unless the
quirements
purchaser specifies one or the other.
E112Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
5.2.1 Forging Temperature—The maximum part tempera-
E292Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch
ture during forging shall be 2150°F [1175°C].
Tension Tests of Materials
5.3 HeatTreatment—Heattreatingallforgingsisrequiredin
E381Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
accordance with Table 1 to develop the required mechanical
Blooms, and Forgings
properties.
5.3.1 Number of Heat Treatments—Two complete heat
treatments, consisting of an austenitize, quench, and temper,
are permitted. Purchaser approval is required prior to any
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee additional heat treatments.
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
5.3.2 Temperature Variation—Heat treating temperatures
Current edition approved March 1, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally
shall be controlled in the range of 625°F [614°C].
published in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A982/A982M–10
(2015). DOI: 10.1520/A0982_A0982M–10R20.
5.4 Stress Relief—When heat treatment for mechanical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
properties is followed by straightening, a stress-relieving heat
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
treatmentisrequiredatatemperaturemeetingtherequirements
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of Table 1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A982/A982M − 10 (2020)
TABLE 1 Heat Treatment, °F [°C]
Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F
Classes1&2 Class1 Class1 Class2 Classes1&2 Class1 Class2 Class1
Austenitizing 1725-1775 1600-1750 1825-1875 1725-1875 1875-1925 2075-2125 1725-1775 1875-1925
[940-970] [870-955] [995-1025] [940-1025] [1025-1050] [1135-1165] [940-970] [1025-1050]
Quenching Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid
Single tempering 1050 min 1050 min 1050 min 1050 min 1150 min 1250 min 1100 min .
[565 min] [565 min] [565 min] [565 min] [620 min] [675 min] [595 min]
Double tempering . . . . . . 1025 min 1025 min . . . .
[550 min] [550 min]
Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135-1165
[615-630]
Stress Relieving 1025 min 1025 min 1000 min 1000 min 1100 min 1200 min 1050 min 1100 min
[550 min] [550 min] [540 min] [540 min] [595 min] [650 min] [565 min] [595 min]
5.4.1 QuenchingafterStressRelief—Wateroroilquenching 7.1.1.3 Test Locations—One tension test specimen and one
of stress-relieved forgings is prohibited. set of three impact test specimens shall be machined from the
center portion of the air foil vane section.
6. Chemical Composition
7.1.2 Forging Hardness Testing:
7.1.2.1 Batch Type Furnaces—A minimum of 10% of the
6.1 Thesteelshallconformtotherequirementsforchemical
forgings in each lot shall be hardness tested.
composition prescribed in Table 2.
7.1.2.2 Continuous Type Furnaces—Samples for hardness
7. Mechanical Properties
testing shall be taken from every other tray or push.
7.1 Tension, Impact, and Hardness Tests—All testing shall
8. Nondestructive Examination
be performed after heat treatment and stress relief, as appli-
cable.The test specimens shall meet the requirements of Table
8.1 General Requirements—All forgings shall be free of
3.
cracks, seams, laps, shrinkage, and similar discontinuities.
7.1.1 Number of Tests—A minimum of two forgings from
8.2 NondestructiveTests—Nondestructivetestingandcorre-
each lot shall be randomly selected for longitudinal tensile,
sponding acceptance criteria shall be as specified by the
impact, and hardness testing. Hardness values of the tension
purchaser.
test specimen shall be reported with the tensile data.
7.1.1.1 Lot Size—A lot shall consist of all forgings of the
9. Certification and Reports
same size from one electric furnace heat of steel and heat
9.1 All tests required by this specification shall be made by
treated either in the same charge in either a batch furnace or a
the manufacturer and reported on a certificate of test to the
continuous type furnace.
purchaser. Each test certificate shall include the following
7.1.1.2 Continuous Heat Treating Furnaces—Test forgings
items:
shallbetakenfromeachofthefirstandlastpushortraytoexit
9.1.1 Purchase order number,
the furnace. Additional forgings shall be taken so that the
maximum time between samples is 4 h. 9.1.2 Forging identification number,
TABL
...

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This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
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1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
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This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
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This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
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This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
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4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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