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ASTM E562-19e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count

Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based upon the stereological principle that a grid with a number of regularly arrayed points, when systematically placed over an image of a two-dimensional section through the microstructure, can provide, after a representative number of placements on different fields, an unbiased statistical estimation of the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase (1, 2, 3).3  
5.2 This test method has been described  (4) as being superior to other manual methods with regard to effort, bias, and simplicity.  
5.3 Any number of clearly distinguishable constituents or phases within a microstructure (or macrostructure) can be counted using the method. Thus, the method can be applied to any type of solid material from which adequate two-dimensional sections can be prepared and observed.  
5.4 A condensed step-by-step guide for using the method is given in Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections through the microstructure by means of a point grid.  
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Aug-2019
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E562-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Refers
ASTM E7-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM E7-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2014
Refers
ASTM E407-07(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Referred By
ASTM D4616-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light and Determination of Mesophase in a Pitch
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM A982/A982M-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM D2799-23 - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Maceral Composition of Coal
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM A1021/A1021M-20 - Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM A565/A565M-10(2017)e1 - Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM A874/A874M-98(2022) - Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings Suitable for Low-Temperature Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM A890/A890M-18a - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM E112-13(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1268-19 - Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
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ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
Effective Date
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ASTM A800/A800M-20 - Standard Practice for Estimating Ferrite Content of Stainless Steel Castings Containing Both Ferrite and Austenite
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM B848/B848M-21 - Standard Specification for Powder Forged (PF) Ferrous Materials
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1181-02(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
Referred By
ASTM A799/A799M-10(2020) - Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Stainless, Instrument Calibration, for Estimating Ferrite Content
Effective Date
15-Aug-2019
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ASTM F755-19 - Standard Specification for Selection of Porous Polyethylene for Use in Surgical Implants
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Effective Date
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ASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point CountASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
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ASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ϵ1
Designation:E562 −19
Standard Test Method for
Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point
1
Count
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E562; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Section A1.2 was editorially corrected in August 2020.
INTRODUCTION
This test method may be used to determine the volume fraction of constituents in an opaque
specimen using a polished, planar cross section by the manual point count procedure. The same
measurements can be achieved using image analysis per Practice E1245.
1. Scope E7Terminology Relating to Metallography
E407Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections
E1245Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-
through the microstructure by means of a point grid.
Phase Constituent Content of Metals byAutomatic Image
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the
Analysis
volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
standard.
practice, see Terminology E7.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 point count—the total number of points in a test grid
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that fall within the microstructural feature of interest, or on the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
featureboundary;forthelatter,eachtestpointontheboundary
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
is one half a point.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.2 point fraction—the ratio, usually expressed as a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
percentage, of the point count of the phase or constituent of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
interest on the two-dimensional image of an opaque specimen
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tothenumberofgridpoints,whichisaveragedover nfieldsto
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
produce an unbiased estimate of the volume fraction of the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
phase or constituent.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.3 stereology—themethodsdevelopedtoobtaininforma-
2
tion about the three-dimensional characteristics of microstruc-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tures based upon measurements made on two-dimensional
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
sections through a solid material or their projection on a
surface.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on Quanti- 3.2.4 test grid—a transparent sheet or eyepiece reticle with
tative Metallography.
a regular pattern of lines or crosses that is superimposed over
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2019. Published September 2019. Originally
themicrostructuralimageforcountingmicrostructuralfeatures
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E562–11. DOI:
of interest.
10.1520/E0562-19E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.5 volume fraction—the total volume of a phase or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
constituent per unit volume of specimen, generally expressed
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. as a percentage.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ϵ1
E562−19
TABLE 1 95% Confidence Interval Multipliers
an unbiased statistical estimation of the volume fraction of an
3
No. of Fields n t No. of Fields n t identifiable constituent or phase (1, 2, 3).
5 2.776 19 2.101
5.2 This test method has been described (4) as being
6 2.571 20 2.093
superior to other manual methods with regard to effort, bias,
7 2.447 21
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Microstructures have a strong influence on the properties and successful application of metals and alloys. Determination and control of microstructure requires the use of metallographic examination.  
4.2 Many specifications contain a requirement regarding microstructure; hence, a major use for metallographic examination is inspection to ensure that the requirement is met. Other major uses for metallographic examination are in failure analysis, and in research and development.  
4.3 Proper choice of specimen location and orientation will minimize the number of specimens required and simplify their interpretation. It is easy to take too few specimens for study, but it is seldom that too many are studied.
SCOPE
1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of a light optical or scanning electron microscope. In special cases, the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but, under nearly all conditions, the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the diversity in available equipment and the wide variety of problems encountered, the following text presents for the guidance of the metallographer only those practices which experience has shown are generally satisfactory; it cannot and does not describe the variations in technique required to solve individual specimen preparation problems.  
Note 1: For a more extensive description of various metallographic techniques, refer to Samuels, L. E.,  Metallographic Polishing by Mechanical Methods, American Society for Metals (ASM) Metals Park, OH, 3rd Ed., 1982; Petzow, G.,  Metallographic Etching, ASM, 1978; and VanderVoort, G.,  Metallography: Principles and Practice, McGraw Hill, NY, 2nd Ed., 1999.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E81-96(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Preparing Quantitative Pole Figures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Pole figures are two-dimensional graphic representations, on polar coordinate paper, of the average distribution of crystallite orientations in three dimensions. Data for constructing pole figures are obtained with X-ray diffractometers, using reflection and transmission techniques.  
3.2 Several alternative procedures may be used. Some produce complete pole figures. Others yield partial pole figures, which may be combined to produce a complete figure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of the X-ray diffractometer to prepare quantitative pole figures.  
1.2 The test method consists of several experimental procedures. Some of the procedures (1-5)2 permit preparation of a complete pole figure. Others must be used in combination to produce a complete pole figure.  
1.3 Pole figures (6)  and inverse pole figures (7-10)  are two dimensional averages of the three-dimensional crystallite orientation distribution. Pole figures may be used to construct either inverse pole figures (11-13)  or the crystallite orientation distribution (14-21). Development of series expansions of the crystallite orientation distribution from reflection pole figures (22, 23)  makes it possible to obtain a series expansion of a complete pole figure from several incomplete pole figures. Pole figures or inverse pole figures derived by such methods shall be termed calculated. These techniques will not be described herein.  
1.4 Provided the orientation is homogeneous through the thickness of the sheet, certain procedures  (1-3)  may be used to obtain a complete pole figure.  
1.5 Provided the orientation has mirror symmetry with respect to planes perpendicular to the rolling, transverse, and normal directions, certain procedures (4, 5, 24)  may be used to obtain a complete pole figure.  
1.6 The test method emphasizes the Schulz reflection technique (25).  Other techniques (3, 4, 5, 24)  may be considered variants of the Schulz technique and are cited as options, but not described herein.  
1.7 The test method also includes a description of the transmission technique of Decker, et al (26),  which may be used in conjunction with the Schulz reflection technique to obtain a complete pole figure.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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