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ASTM D6989-03

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin Solutions

Standard Practices for Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin Solutions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing resin solutions by the “cold cut” method, modeling high-shear production dispersion techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing a solvent or water based ink resin solution in low boiling solvent or alkaline water using two types of lab equipment; (1) an industrial blender (Sections 3-7), and (2) a laboratory roller mill (Sections 8-12).
Note 1—ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the industrial blender where possible.
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.
1.3 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for liquid (for example, flexographic and rotogravure) inks. The type of resins is typically, but not limited to, acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyvinylbutyral, and maleated/fumarated rosin esters.
1.4 The typical low boiling solvents to be used include ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate. For water based ink resin solutions, water is used in combination with ammonium hydroxide or amines such as dimethylethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and triethylamine.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2003
ICS
87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.37 - Ink Vehicles
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6989-03(2008) - Standard Practices for Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin Solutions
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008

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ASTM D6989-03 - Standard Practices for Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin SolutionsASTM D6989-03 - Standard Practices for Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin Solutions
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ASTM D6989-03 - Standard Practices for Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin Solutions
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6989–03
Standard Practices for
Preparation of Solvent and Water Based Ink Resin
Solutions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6989; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.1 cold cut, n—dispersionofresinintosolventusinghigh
shear dispersion without external heating.
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for pre-
2.1.2 compatibility, n—the ability of two or more differing
paringasolventorwaterbasedinkresinsolutioninlowboiling
substances to be mixed together without resultant kick-out or
solvent or alkaline water using two types of lab equipment; (1)
haziness.
an industrial blender (Sections 3-7), and (2) a laboratory roller
2.1.3 dissolution, n—the point at which all resin completely
mill (Sections 8-12).
dissolves in the solvent.
NOTE 1—ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the indus-
2.1.4 incompatibility, n—when a mixture of two or more
trial blender where possible.
differing substances results in precipitation, kick-out, or hazi-
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally
ness.
available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.
2.1.5 solution, n—resin and solvent form a clear, compat-
1.3 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended
ible, and homogeneous mixture.
mainly for liquid (for example, flexographic and rotogravure)
2.1.5.1 Discussion—Industrial practice may use the term
inks. The type of resins is typically, but not limited to, acrylic
“solution” loosely to describe what may actually be a clear
and styrene/acrylic copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, poly-
“dispersion.” For the sake of simplification, the terms solution
vinylbutyral, and maleated/fumarated rosin esters.
and dispersion have been used interchangeably in this practice.
1.4 The typical low boiling solvents to be used include
BLENDER
ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl ac-
etate, and n-propyl acetate. For water based ink resin solutions,
3. Summary of Blender Practice
water is used in combination with ammonium hydroxide or
3.1 Place required amount of resin and solvent in a blender
aminessuchasdimethylethanolamine,monoethanolamine,and
jar.
triethylamine.
3.2 Mix the resin-solvent mixture at high speed in a blender
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
until heat is developed by the high shear and the resin is
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
dissolved into solution.
only.
3.3 The resulting resin solution can be used to measure
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
parameters such as viscosity and solubility or compatibility of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a printing ink resin.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Significance and Use of Blender Practice
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 This practice provides a means of preparing resin
2. Terminology solutions by the “cold cut” method, modeling high-shear
production dispersion techniques.
2.1 Definitions:
5. Apparatus
5.1 Balance or Scale, weighing to 60.1 g accuracy.
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
5.2 Blender, with one quart vessel and cover, 115 alternat-
and Related Coatings, Materials andApplications and are the direct responsibility of
ing current volts (VAC), 60 Hz, 840 W (preferably explosion
Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehicles.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. proof).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6989–03
5.3 Filter Media, (such as organdy cloth). provide satisfactory results with resins of a suitable solubility.
5.4 Auxiliary Equipment, (that is, aluminum foil, paper This practice is typically used when the resin solution is not
towels, lab filter stand, etc.). required for immediate use (that is, the material is weighed and
placed on the laboratory roller mill overnight for use the next
6. Sampling
day).
6.1 Solid resin should be flaked or crushed (typically to a
2 10. Apparatus
size no larger than 6 mm .
6.2 The total mass of resin solids and solvent should be 10.1 Balance or Scale, weighing to 60.1 g accuracy.
10.2 Glass Jars, 1 pint or 1 quart size, with metal lids.
approximately 800 g. The exact amount (separately) of resin
solids and solvent will va
...

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4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset inks. This information is useful to the ink manufacturer and user and to environmental interests as part of the determination of the mass of volatile organic compounds emitted from the ink.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The viscosity of paint, inks and many related liquid materials is dependent on temperature. It is useful to know the extent of this dependence. One use of such information is to prepare a viscosity-temperature table or curve. Then, if ambient conditions do not allow the measurement of viscosity at the exact temperature stated in a specification or regulation, the viscosity measured at ambient temperature can be used to determine the viscosity at the temperature of interest through the use of the previously prepared table or curve. Viscosity measurements that cover a range of shear rates as well as temperatures could include shear rates associated with paint application or allow extrapolation to such shear rates. This information would enable a producer or user to estimate the effect on application of heating the paint.
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3.1 When formulating printing inks and overprint varnishes that dry primarily by oxidation it is important to know the stay open time so that premature drying does not occur on the printing press rollers and other components.  
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1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for problems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.  
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ASTM D5958-99(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Preparation of Oil-Based Ink Resin Solutions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices provide means of preparing small quantities of resin solution (in some procedures in an inert gas atmosphere using uniform, controlled heating).  
5.2 This practice provides quick ways to prepare a resin solution for quality control testing during the manufacture of resin solutions and vehicles. Samples can usually be prepared in approximately 30 to 45 minutes or less.  
5.3 These practices can be used to prepare commonly specified ink test solutions such as 33.3 % resin in alkali refined linseed oil, and 50 % resin in heat-set ink solvent (that is, C12 to C16 hydrocarbon petroleum distillate with initial boiling point (IBP) about 470°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing an oil-based ink resin solution in a high-boiling solvent using four pieces of lab equipment:
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ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the hot oil bath procedure (Practice D5597) where possible.  
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.  
1.3 One or several of these practices allows for rapid resin solution preparation (under 30 min, typical), can regulate the maximum temperature, can be done under an inert atmosphere, and can prevent the random solvent loss during preparation.  
1.4 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerine esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.  
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used include C12 to C16 petroleum distillates, 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di-isobutyrate,2 alkali refined linseed oil, tridecyl alcohol, or combinations of the above.  
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, these practices should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D56. (Warning—Users of this practice should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Take safety precautions since there is the potential for vapor ignition. Do the methods outlined in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.)  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement see 25.11.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6846-02(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparing Prints of Paste Printing Inks with a Printing Gage

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Laboratory proofing of inks is necessary to establish a reproducible prediction of print appearance and performance properties, most of which are highly sensitive to ink film thickness. The apparatus described in this practice has found wide use for routine control proofing because it provides an economical method for producing reasonably large prints at film thicknesses comparable to those obtained on production presses.
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Printing Gages (not drawn to scale)  
4.2 A unique advantage of printing gages is that, depending on the design selected, prints can be produced at a range of tapered film thicknesses or at several levels of uniform thicknesses in a single proofing. Because of the built-in film thickness control, ink metering is not necessary. Relatively small quantities of test samples are used, and less than two minutes are required to ink a gage, pull a letterpress print, and clean up. In addition, problems due to ink distribution systems are eliminated, two inks may be proofed at the same time, and multi-color printing is possible.  
4.3 This practice does not duplicate the dynamics of a high speed press, nevertheless, it is useful for quality control and for specification acceptance between the producer and the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparing laboratory prints of paste inks using a printing gage in conjunction with a flat-bed proof press.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to the preparation of solid-area prints by direct letterpress or by dry offset on a flat substrate such as paper, paperboard, or metal.  
1.3 This practice is applicable primarily to lithographic and letterpress inks that dry by oxidation or penetration. With the addition of appropriate drying or curing equipment, it is also applicable to other paste ink systems such as heat-set or energy-curable.  
1.4 The instructions in this practice are intended to minimize the within-print and among-operator variability inherent in hand operations.  
1.5 This practice features built-in ink film thickness control. It does not measure the film thickness transferred to the print; however, film thickness equivalence may be evaluated by visual or instrumental comparisons of optical density.  
1.6 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 7.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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