ASTM C1167-96
(Specification)Standard Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
Standard Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers clay tiles intended for use as roof covering where durability and appearance are required to provide a weather-resistant surface of specified design.
1.2 Tiles are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop a fired bond between the particulate constitutents to provide the strength and durability requirements of this specification (see firing and fired bond in Terminology C43).
1.3 Tiles are shaped during manufacture by molding, pressing, or extrusion and it is permitted to use the shaping method to describe the tiles.
1.4 Tiles are generally planar or undulating rectangular shapes available in a variety of cross-sectional profiles, shapes, sizes, surface textures, and colors.
1.5 Three grades of tile having various degrees of resistance to weathering are covered in this specification. Three types of tile are defined to cover the features that influence appearance.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: C 1167 – 96
Standard Specification for
Clay Roof Tiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Classification
1.1 This specification covers clay tiles intended for use as 4.1 Clay roof tiles covered by this specification are classi-
roof covering where durability and appearance are required to fied by grade for durability and type for appearance as follows:
provide a weather-resistant surface of specified design. 4.1.1 Grades:
1.2 Tiles are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar 4.1.1.1 Grade 1—Providing resistance to severe frost ac-
naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to heat tion.
treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment 4.1.1.2 Grade 2—Providing resistance to moderate frost
must develop a fired bond between the particulate constitutents action.
to provide the strength and durability requirements of this 4.1.1.3 Grade 3—Providing negligible resistance to any
specification (see firing and fired bond in Terminology C 43). frost action.
1.3 Tiles are shaped during manufacture by molding, press- 4.1.1.4 Grades relate to exposure to weather as defined in
ing, or extrusion and it is permitted to use the shaping method Table 1.
to describe the tiles. 4.2 Types:
1.4 Tiles are generally planar or undulating rectangular 4.2.1 Type I—High-profile tiles—tiles having a rise-to-
shapes available in a variety of cross-sectional profiles, shapes, width ratio greater than 1:5.
sizes, surface textures, and colors. 4.2.2 Type II—Low-profiles tiles—tiles having a rise-to-
1.5 Three grades of tile having various degrees of resistance width ratio equal to, or less than 1:5.
to weathering are covered in this specification. Three types of 4.2.3 Type III—All other tiles, including flat.
tile are defined to cover the features that influence appearance.
5. Material and Finish
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. 5.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-
ganic coatings to the faces of the tiles are permissible provided
2. Referenced Documents
that evidence satisfactory to the purchaser is furnished regard-
2.1 ASTM Standards: ing the durability of the coatings. Tiles that are colored by
C 43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand does not form
C 67 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Brick and a continuous coating, are not considered as surface-colored
Structural Clay Tile tiles for the purpose of this specification.
C 297 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Flat Sandwich
NOTE 1—When surface colored tiles (other than sanded or flashed) are
Constructions in Flatwise Plane
specified, data satisfactory to the purchaser shall be submitted showing
C 554 Test Method for Crazing Resistance of Fired Glazed
that after 50 cycles of freezing-thawing (5.2) there is no observable
Ceramic Whitewares by a Thermal Shock Method
difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of 40 ft (12
m) under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lm/m ) by an observer
3. Terminology
with normal vision. It is permitted to present service records of the
performance of the particular coated tiles in appropriate locations in place
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to struc-
of the freezing and thawing test, with the consent of the purchaser.
tural clay products, and clay roof tiles, see Terminology C 43.
5.2 The tiles shall be free of defects, deficiencies, or
bloating, that would interfere with the proper laying of the tiles,
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-15 on
the performance of the roof, or the requirements of this
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
specification.
C15.06 on Roofing Tile.
5.2.1 Tiles, when broken, may have a dark area that has a
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1996. Published April 1996. Originally
published as C 1167. Last previous edition C 1167 – 94a. steely appearance and is sharply delineated from the surround-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
ing normal color of tile. This area is known as black heart or
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
black core. Black heart is generally the result of the reduction
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C1167–96
TABLE 1 Grade Classification for Clay Roof Tiles
both. Such a tile is completely unacceptable for use regardless of its other
properties such as strength.
Grade
Weathering Index (see Annex A1)
(All Types)
NOTE 3—The resistance of clay roof tiles to weathering cannot be
predicted with complete assurance using any of the physical tests
1 500 and greater
prescribed. However, practical experience has demonstrated satisfactory
2 50to500
3 less than 50
performance of clay roof tiles, some for hundreds of years, and this
experience forms the basis of the prescriptive requirements of Table 2.
There is generally excellent correlation between field performance and the
requirements. However, it is possible that some tiles that meet this
of iron minerals during the firing process. Its presence,
specification are not suitable for severe climates. Furthermore, it is also
regardless of the size in the tile that otherwise meets the
possible for other tiles that do not meet this specification to show
physical performance of this specification, shall not be cause acceptable serviceability in the most severe climates. The best indication
of clay roof tile durability is the service record of experience with the
for rejection.
specified product in the environment of its intended use.
5.3 The exposed tile surface shall be free of chippage or
other imperfections detracting from the appearance of the
6.1.1 Measure the water absorption, and calculate the satu-
designated sample when viewed from a distance 40 ft (12 m)
ration coefficient, in accordance with Test Methods C 67. The
under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lm/m )byan
test specimen shall consist of five whole tiles.
observer with normal vision.
6.1.2 The physical requirements in Table 2 shall be achieved
5.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
as a result of the firing process and associated thermal reactions
and the seller, a delivery of tiles shall contain not less than
within the tile body (and glaze, if present) which include
95 % whole tiles. In this specification, the term whole tiles
development of the fired bond, increase in density, increase in
shall be understood to mean tiles meeting the appearance
strength, and reduction in water absorption. Tiles shall not
requirements of this specification.
comply with this specification if other processes, for example,
5.5 After tiles are placed in usage, the manufacturer or his
immersion in solutions of organic materials to effect impreg-
agent shall not be held responsible for compliance of tiles with
nation or surface sealing, are used to change the physical
the requirements of this specification for dimensional toler-
properties which result from the firing process.
ances, finish, texture, or color.
6.2 Freezing and Thawing—The requirements specified in
6.1 for water absorption (5-h boiling) and saturation coefficient
6. Performance Requirements
shall not be required for all grades provided that a sample of
6.1 Durability—The tiles shall conform to the physical
five tiles, meeting all of the other requirements, experiences no
requirements for the grade specified as prescribed in Table 2.
breakage and not greater than 0.5 % loss in dry weight when
Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, tiles of a higher
subjected to 50 cycles of the freezing-and-thawing test of Test
grade (greater weathering index) shall be accepted instead of a
Methods C 67, modified in accordance with 6.2.1.
lower grade. It is permitted to waive the saturation coefficient
6.2.1 Modify Test Methods C 67, Section 8, as follows: The
requirement when the average cold water absorption of a
test specimens shall consist of five whole tiles. The freezing
random sample of five tiles does not exceed 6 %, no more than
trays and containers shall be of sufficient size and depth to
one tile of the sample exceeds 6 % and its cold water
allow the tiles to be completely submerged in water when
absorption is less than 8 %. When Grade 3 tiles are used in
placed horizontally. The tiles shall be completely submerged in
regions where the weathering index is less than 50 (see Annex
water when the trays are placed in the freezing chamber. It is
A1), unless otherwise specified, the requirements for water
permitted to test individual tile or to stack tile on top of each
absorption and for saturation coefficient shall be waived. 1
other in the tray, provided that spacers at least ⁄4 in. (6 mm)
thick are used between adjacent tiles and that the total stack is
NOTE 2—Frost is of profound importance in mechanical weathering
completely submerged.
where its effectiveness is dependent on the frequency of temperature
fluctuation across the freezing point in the presence of water. The ability
NOTE 4—A large capacity freezer is generally necessary to accomplish
of a tile to resist failure in a wet and freezing environment is, therefore, of
freezing in the manner specified in Test Methods C 67 for trays containing
paramount importance. If a tile fails in such an environment, its use will
more than one tile. It is permitted to use custom trays to enclose the tile(s)
result in an unacceptable deterioration of appearance or more likely, a total
and minimize the volume of water required to completely submerge the
failure to function (that is, protect the underlying structure from rain), or
tile(s).
6.2.2 A lot of tiles shall be given the Grade 1 rating without
TABLE 2 Physical Requirements
repeating a freezing and thawing test provided that a previous
Absorption Requirements
lot made by the supplier from similar materials, by the same
Cold Water Absorption Maximum Saturation
process, at the same production plant, and within the previous
A
Maximum Percent Coefficient
Grade 12 months, had passed the test, and provided also that a sample
Average of Individual Average of Individual
of five tiles selected from the lot has an average and individual
Five Tiles Tile Five Tiles Tile
minimum transverse strength not less than the previously
1 6 8 0.74 0.76
graded sample and has average and individual maximum water
2 11 13 0.80 0.82
3 13 15 0.84 0.86
absorption and saturation coefficient not greater than those of
A
The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in water the previously graded sample.
at a temperature of 75 6 10°F (24 6 6°C) to that after 5 h submersion in boiling
water. NOTE 5—Unless specifically requested by the purchaser, the 50-cycle
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C1167–96
freezing and thawing test is specified only as an alternative when tiles do
used and the required minimum values in Table 3 shall be
not conform to either Table 2 requirements for maximum water absorption
increased proportionately to the reduction in span, that is,
and saturation coefficient, or to the restrictive absorption requirements in
multiplied by:
6.1.
(1)
6.3 Strength—The transverse breaking strength of tiles shall
span used ~in.!
be determined as described for the Flexure Test in Test
6.3.3 The tile shall be tested in a three-point bending mode
Methods C 67 except as modified in 6.3.1 to 6.3.7.
in a horizontal plane with the bottom surface of the tile resting
6.3.1 Five tiles shall be tested wet after a 24-h submersion
on two lower support members and with the load being applied
in water at a temperature of 75 6 10°F (24 6 6°C) or five tiles
to the upper (exposed) surface of the tile by a third member
shall be tested dry after heating in a ventilated oven for 24 h at
moving in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the tile and
a temperature of 230 to 239°F (110 to 115°C).
at mid-span (that is, equidistant from each of the lower support
6.3.1.1 Tile shall be considered to comply with this speci-
members).
fication when they pass the requirement of either the wet or the
6.3.4 The two support members and the loading member
dry transverse strength test. The choice of method, wet or dry,
shall be of metal or hardwood with 1 in. (25 mm) 6 5 % wide
shall be mutually agreed upon between specifier and supplier.
faces. The faces shall be shaped (see Note 6) to closely
6.3.2 The span chosen for the test shall be 12 in. (30.5 cm)
conform to the profile of the surface of the tile upon which they
6 5% or ⁄3 of the length of the tile, whichever is greater. The
bear during the test (it is permitted to use different profiles for
span is measured between the centers of the lower support
each member depending on the profile and cross-sectional
members (6.3.3 and Fig. 1).
shape of the tile). The total height of the members shall not be
6.3.2.1 It is permitted to use a shorter span than required by more than 1 in. (25 mm) greater than the rise of the tile profile
6.3.2 when the length of the tile to be tested is not sufficient to and, if hardwood, they should be backed up with steel bearing
1 3
allow a 12 in. (30.5 cm) span to be used. In that case, a shorter
plates at least ⁄2 in. (13 mm) thick. A rubber shim strip ⁄16 in.
span, not less than two-thirds of the length of the tile, shall be (4.8 mm) 6 10 % thick of hardness no greater than Shore
NOTE 1—See text for dimensions.
FIG. 1 Schematic of Assembly for Flexure Strength Testing
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C1167–96
TABLE 3 Transverse Breaking Strength Requirements
6.4.1 Modify 10.4.1 of Test Methods C 67 as follows: Set
Wet Transverse Strength, Dry Transverse Strength, one specimen of each of the five pairs, with appropriate support
min, lbf (N) min, lbf (N)
formed from corrosion-resistant material to maintain the tile in
Type (All Grade
...
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