ASTM D4105/D4105M-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer, that is, the well is open to the full thickness of the aquifer.
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.
5.2.3 Application of Theis Nonequilibrium Method to Unconfined Aquifers:
5.2.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer and the effects of delayed gravity yield are small.
5.2.3.2 Reduction in Aquifer Thickness—In an unconfined aquifer, dewatering occurs when the water levels decline in the vicinity of a pumping well. Corrections in drawdown need to be made when the drawdown is a significant fraction of the aquifer thickness as shown by Jacob (8). The drawdown, s, needs to be replaced by s′, the drawdown that would occur in an equivalent confined aquifer, where:
5.2.3.3 Gravity Yield Effects—In unconfined aquifers, delayed gravity yield effects may invalidate measurements of drawdown during the early part of the test for application to the Theis method. Effects of delayed gravity yield are negligible in partially penetrating observation wells at a distance, r, from the control well, where:
after the time, t, as given in the following equation from Neuman (9):
where:
Sy = the specific yield.
For fully penetrating observation wells, the effects of delayed yield are negligible at the distance, r, in Eq 11 after one tenth of the time given in the Eq 12.
Note ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky confined aquifer under conditions of radial flow to a fully penetrating well of constant flux. This practice is a shortcut procedure used to apply the Theis nonequilibrium method. The Theis method is described in Practice D4106.
1.2 This practice, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1). Furthermore, application is valid only for values of u less than 0.01 (u is defined in Eq 2, in 8.6).
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4105/D4105M −20
Standard Practice for
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the
1
Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4105/D4105M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* conformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units
other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for deter-
this practice.
mining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky
confined aquifer under conditions of radial flow to a fully 1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
penetrating well of constant flux. This practice is a shortcut one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
procedureusedtoapplytheTheisnonequilibriummethod.The education or experience and should be used in conjunction
Theis method is described in Practice D4106. with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
1.2 This practice, along with others, is used in conjunction
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice are primar-
nor should this document be applied without the consideration
ily related to the correspondence between the field situation
of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in
and the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1).
the title of this document means only that the document has
Furthermore, application is valid only for values of uless than
been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
0.01 (uis defined in Eq 2,in 8.6).
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Practice D6026.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
2. Referenced Documents
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
methods for engineering design.
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-
Fluids
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ing values from the two systems may result in non-
D4043Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 15, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4105–15. DOI: Standards volume information
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4105/D4105M − 15 D4105/D4105M − 20
Standard Test Method Practice for
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the
1
Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4105/D4105M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected designation to match the units of measurement statement in September 2015.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky
confined aquifer under conditions of radial flow to a fully penetrating well of constant flux. This test method is a shortcut procedure
used to apply the Theis nonequilibrium method. The Theis method is described in Test Method D4106.
1.2 This test method, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this test method are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and
the simplifying assumptions of this test method (see 5.1). Furthermore, application is valid only for values of u less than 0.01 (u is
defined in Eq 2, in 8.6).
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded
as nonconformance with this test method.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
D4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of
Aquifer Systems
D4106 Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater
and Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved April 15, 2015May 15, 2020. Published May 2015June 2020. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20082015 as
D4105 – 96D4105 – 15. (2008). DOI: 10.1520/D4105_D4105M-15E01.10.1520/D4105_D4105M-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4105/D4105M − 20
Aquifers by
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