ASTM D4106-20

Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and aerially extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.    
5.2.3 Application of Theis Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.2.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, the Theis solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer, and the effects of delayed gravity yield are small.
5.2.3.2 Reduction in Aquifer Thickness—In an unconfined aquifer dewatering occurs when the water levels decline in the vicinity of a pumping well. Corrections in drawdown need to be made when the drawdown is a significant fraction of the aquifer thickness as shown by Jacob (5). The drawdown, s, needs to be replaced by s′, the drawdown that would occur in an equivalent confined aquifer, where:
5.2.3.3 Gravity Yield Effects—In unconfined aquifers, delayed gravity yield effects may invalidate measurements of drawdown during the early part of the test for application to the Theis method. Effects of delayed gravity yield are negligible in partially penetrating observation wells at and beyond a distance, r, from the control well, where:
After the time, t, as given in Eq 9 from Neuman (6).
     where:
  Sy  =  the specific yield. For fully penetrating observation wells, the effects of delayed yield are negligible at the distance, r, in Eq 8 after one tenth of the time given in the Eq 9.    
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the co...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on water-level response collected during radial flow to or from a well of constant discharge or injection.  
1.2 This analytical procedure, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice for determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1).  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2020
• ICS: 93.160 - Hydraulic construction
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D4106 −20
Standard Practice for
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the
1
Theis Nonequilibrium Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
nor should this document be applied without the consideration
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for deter-
of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in
mining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky
the title of this document means only that the document has
confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on water-level
been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
response collected during radial flow to or from a well of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
constant discharge or injection.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This analytical procedure, along with others, is used in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D4050.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this practice for deter-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
mination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
related to the correspondence between the field situation and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the simplifying assumptions of this practice (see 5.1).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Practice D6026.
2. Referenced Documents
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
2
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce- Fluids
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider- Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to Used in Engineering Design and Construction
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be D4043Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical D4050Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal
methods for engineering design. and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic
Properties of Aquifer Systems
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
Data
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may
3. Terminology
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
3.1 Definitions:
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsofcommontechnicaltermsusedinthis
practice, refer to Terminology D653.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4106–15. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4106-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4106 − 15 D4106 − 20
Standard Test Method Practice for
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the
1
Theis Nonequilibrium Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky
confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on water-level response collected during radial flow to or from a well of constant
discharge or injection.
1.2 This analytical procedure, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this test method for determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related
to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of this test method (see 5.1).
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
D4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of
Aquifer Systems
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, see Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 observation well—a well open to all or part of an aquifer.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater
and Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved April 15, 2015June 1, 2020. Published June 2015June 2020. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20082015 as
D4106 – 96 (2008).D4106 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4106-15.10.1520/D4106-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4106 − 20
3.2.2 unconfined aquifer—an aquifer that has a water table.
3.3 Symbols and Dimensions:
−1
3.3.1 K [LT ]—hydraulic conductivity.
3.3.2 K —hydraulic conductivity in the horizontal plane, radially from the control well.
xy
3.3.3 K —hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction.
z
3 −1
3.3.4 Q [L T ]—discharge.
3.3.5 S [nd]—storage coefficient.
−1
3.3.6 S [L ]—specific storage.
s
2 −1
3.3.7 T [L T ]—transmissivity.
3.3.8 W(u) [nd]—well function of u.
3.3.9 b [L]—thickness of aquifer.
3.3.10 r [L]—radial distance from control well.
3.3.11
...