ASTM D5481-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity is an important property of fluid lubricants. The viscosity of all fluids varies with temperature. Many common petroleum lubricants are non-Newtonian: their viscosity also varies with shear rate. The usefulness of the viscosity of lubricants is greatest when the viscosity is measured at or near the conditions of shear rate and temperature that the lubricants will experience in service.
5.2 The conditions of shear rate and temperature of this test method are thought to be representative of those in the bearing of automotive engines in severe service.
5.3 Many equipment manufacturers and lubricant specifications require a minimum high-temperature high-shear viscosity at 150 °C and 106 s−1. The shear rate in capillary viscometers varies across the radius of the capillary. The apparent shear rate at the wall for this test method is increased to compensate for the variable shear rate.3
5.4 This test was evaluated in an ASTM cooperative program.6
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of engine oils at a temperature of 150 °C using a multicell capillary viscometer containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation. The shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds (1.4 × 106 s−1).3 This shear rate has been found to decrease the discrepancy between this test method and other high-temperature high-shear test methods3 (Test Methods D4683 and D4741) used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibrations that have been established with Newtonian oils with nominal viscosities from 1.4 mPa·s to 5.0 mPa·s at 150 °C. The precision has only been determined for the viscosity range 1.45 mPa·s and 5.05 mPa·s at 150 °C for the materials listed in the precision section.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 The centiPoise (cP) is a non-SI metric unit of viscosity that is numerically equal to the milliPascal-second (mPa·s).
1.2.2 Pounds per square inch (psi) is a non-SI unit of pressure that is approximately equal to 6.895 kPa. These units are provided for information only in 6.1.1, 7.3, 9.1.2.1, and the tables.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5481 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and
1
High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Severaldifferentconfigurationsofcapillaryviscometershavebeensuccessfullyusedformeasuring
the viscosity of engine oils at the high shear rates and high temperatures that occur in engines. This
2
test method covers the use of a single apparatus at a single temperature and single shear rate to
achieve greater uniformity and improved precision.
1. Scope* 1.2.2 Pounds per square inch (psi) is a non-SI unit of
pressure that is approximately equal to 6.895 kPa. These units
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
areprovidedforinformationonlyin6.1.1,7.3,9.1.2.1,andthe
high-temperaturehigh-shear(HTHS)viscosityofengineoilsat
tables.
a temperature of 150°C using a multicell capillary viscometer
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
The shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds
6 −1 3
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
(1.4×10 s ). This shear rate has been found to decrease the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
discrepancy between this test method and other high-
3
temperature high-shear test methods (Test Methods D4683
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
and D4741) used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
determined directly from calibrations that have been estab-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
lished with Newtonian oils with nominal viscosities from Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.4mPa·s to 5.0 mPa·s at 150°C. The precision has only been mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
determined for the viscosity range 1.45mPa·s and 5.05 mPa·s Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
at 150 °C for the materials listed in the precision section.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 2.1 ASTM Standards:
standard.
D4683Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and
Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Tempera-
1.2.1 ThecentiPoise(cP)isanon-SImetricunitofviscosity
ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150°C
that is numerically equal to the milliPascal-second (mPa·s).
D4741Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-
peratureandHighShearRatebyTapered-PlugViscometer
D6300Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally
D6708Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D5481–20a. DOI:
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
10.1520/D5481-21.
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
2
Manning, R. E., and Lloyd, W. A., “Multicell High Temperature High-Shear
Capillary Viscometer,” SAE Paper 861562. Available from Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA15096-0001, www.sae-
.org.
3 4
Girshick, F., “Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in High Temperature High For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Shear Capillary Viscometers,” SAE Paper 922288. Available from Society of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
0001, www.sae.org. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5481 − 20a D5481 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and
1
High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Several different configurations of capillary viscometers have been successfully used for measuring
the viscosity of engine oils at the high shear rates and high temperatures that occur in engines. This
2
test method covers the use of a single apparatus at a single temperature and single shear rate to
achieve greater uniformity and improved precision.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of engine oils at a
temperature of 150 °C using a multicell capillary viscometer containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation. The
6 −1 3
shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds (1.4 × 10 s ).
This shear rate has been found to decrease the discrepancy between this test method and other high-temperature high-shear test
3
methods (Test Methods D4683 and D4741) used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibrations
that have been established with Newtonian oils with nominal viscosities from 1.4 mPa·s to 5.0 mPa·s at 150 °C. The precision has
only been determined for the viscosity range 1.45 mPa·s and 5.05 mPa·s at 150 °C for the materials listed in the precision section.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 The centiPoise (cP) is a non-SI metric unit of viscosity that is numerically equal to the milliPascal-second (mPa·s).
1.2.2 Pounds per square inch (psi) is a non-SI unit of pressure that is approximately equal to 6.895 kPa. These units are provided
for information only in 6.1.1, 7.3, 9.1.2.1, and the tables.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020Jan. 1, 2021. Published October 2020January 2021. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
D5481 – 20.D5481 – 20a. DOI: 10.1520/D5481-20A.10.1520/D5481-21.
2
Manning, R. E., and Lloyd, W. A., “Multicell High Temperature High-Shear Capillary Viscometer,” SAE Paper 861562. Available from Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, www.sae.org.
3
Girshick, F., “Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in High Temperature High Shear Capillary Viscometers,” SAE Paper 922288. Available from Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, www.sae.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5481 − 21
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at High Shear Rate and High Temperature by Tapered
Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 °C
D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Temperature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug Viscometer
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and
Lubricants
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between
...
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