ASTM D2697-03(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
Standard Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a measure of the volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of liquid coating. This value is useful for comparing the coverage (square feet of surface covered at a specified dry film thickness per unit volume) obtainable with different coating products.
4.2 For various reasons the value obtained may not be equal to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and volumes of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may be the same, greater, or less than the total volume of the separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin solutions is governed by a number of factors, one of which is the extent and direction of spread between solubility parameters of the resin and solvent.
4.3 The spatial configuration of the pigment particles and the degree to which the spaces between the pigment particles are filled with the binder also affect the volume of a dry coating formulation. Above the critical pigment volume concentration, the apparent volume of the dry film is significantly greater than theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between pigment particles. The use of volume nonvolatile matter values in such instances should be carefully considered as the increased volume is largely due to air trapped in these voids.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety of coatings. An interlaboratory study to establish the precision of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer, water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel, a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2697 − 03 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
1
Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2697; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Pigmented Coatings
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the
3
Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety
of coatings. An interlaboratory study to establish the precision
3. Summary of Test Method
of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex
3.1 The weight and volume of a stainless steel disk is to be
paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-
determined; after the disk is coated with the material being
reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer,
tested. The weight and volume of the disk plus dried coating is
water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer
determined by weighing in air and then by weighing in a liquid
topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel,
of known density. The volume being equal to the quotient of
a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking
the weight loss of the coated disk (due to the Archimedes
enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
buoyancy effect) divided by the density of the liquid displaced.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
The liquid may be water, organic liquid such as low-solvency
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
mineral spirits or kerosine, or with special modifications not
only.
covered specifically in this method, mercury. The choice of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
liquid depends upon the nature of the coating tested.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 1—Distilled water is suitable for most paints. Exceptions are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
coatings that contain ingredients that are readily leached out of the dry
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
film by the water and low-gloss coatings, the surface of which is poorly
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. wet by water even with surfactant added. (Note 2) Low-solvency
hydrocarbon solvent (KB below 36) is also practical for most paints and
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4
is preferred by some workers. It is considered to be particularly good for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
paint films not readily wet by water. Analogously, organic solvents must
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
not be used if the coating to be tested contains ingredients that will be
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
dissolved readily by the solvent. Lacquers containing monomeric plasti-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical cizers would be examples where hydrocarbon solvents should definitely
not be used. Coatings formulated much above the CPVC present a special
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
problem, where mercury might be the desired “suspending” liquid (Note
3), and for solvent-reducible paints hydrocarbon solvent might be consid-
2. Referenced Documents
ered the poorest (unless it is the objective to obtain values closer to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: “theoretical” spaces between pigment particles not filled with binder,
becoming partially filled with solvent during the test).
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
NOTE2—Concentrationofsurfactantmustbekeptveryloworliterature
and Related Products
values for the density of the water cannot be used.
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
NOTE 3—Details of the mercury displacement techniques can be found
5
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
in the literature.
3.2 From the measured weights and volumes of the disk
before and after coating, the weight and volume of the dried
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
coating film are calculated. Based on the density of the liquid
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally
3
approved in 1968. Last pr
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2697 − 03 (Reapproved 2014) D2697 − 03 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
1
Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2697; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety of coatings.
An interlaboratory study to establish the precision of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex paint and three
automotive coatings that included a solvent-reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer, water reducible enamel
topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel, a flat wall paint, a gloss house
enamel, an industrial baking enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
3
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The weight and volume of a stainless steel disk is to be determined; after the disk is coated with the material being tested.
The weight and volume of the disk plus dried coating is determined by weighing in air and then by weighing in a liquid of known
density. The volume being equal to the quotient of the weight loss of the coated disk (due to the Archimedes buoyancy effect)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014Feb. 1, 2021. Published July 2014February 2021. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20082014 as
D2697 – 03 (2008).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D2697-03R14.10.1520/D2697-03R21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2697 − 03 (2021)
divided by the density of the liquid displaced. The liquid may be water, organic liquid such as low-solvency mineral spirits or
kerosine, or with special modifications not covered specifically in this method, mercury. The choice of liquid depends upon the
nature of the coating tested.
NOTE 1—Distilled water is suitable for most paints. Exceptions are coatings that contain ingredients that are readily leached out of the dry film by the
water and low-gloss coatings, the surface of which is poorly wet by water even with surfactant added. (Note 2) Low-solvency hydrocarbon solvent (KB
4
below 36) is also practical for most paints and is preferred by some workers. It is considered to be particularly good for paint films not readily wet by
water. Analogously, organic solvents must not be used if the coating to be tested
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.